Old School Versus New School Hip Hop Essay Example for Free

Old School Versus New School Hip Hop Essay Benjamin Anderson Ms. Marae Bailey English 110 January 18, 2010 Old School versus New School Hip Hop Many people believe that all hip hop music is the same. They think hip hop is about the beat of the music and the fame of the rapper. However, the true difference occurs when you look at how old school hip hop became mainstreamed. Original hip hop was about the disc jockey that played the music. The music of hip hop were humble and about pleasing the crowd; while new school has become more commercial due to the involvement of major record companies. The hip hop of today is not the hip of yesteryear. Hip hop began in the streets of New York City, in the Bronx area. The local Disc Jockeys would have free parties in the local parks or at local school playgrounds for the main purpose of promoting themselves and to advertise for future parties that they were having at a club or a local community center, in which they would charge a cover price to get in. A Disc Jockey usually has couple of his friends around to help carry equipment like records crates and to help with the setup. The Disc Jockey would usually pay the guys for helping him. The setup guys also helped out during party by getting on the microphone, and saying crowd participation rhymes, this would help keep the people on the dance floor. They would later be known as Masters of Ceremonies or MCs. MCs would take light-hearted jabs at other disc jockeys and lyricists. After awhile, the disc jockey with better MCs, would bring in larger crowds, in turn, giving the disc jockey a bigger pay day! As the disc jockey and his MCs got more popular and more money started flowing in the disc jockey’s pocket, the disc jockey would be able to pay those guys strictly to be MCs, and someone else to handle setup issues. Now, back in seventies, a good disc jockey could make around $1000. 00 for playing music for five hours. Out of that money he would have to pay MCs, and he might have two to four people as MCs. The disc Jockey would have to pay the setup guys too. MCs would get paid from $100 to $200 per party. Local record companies like, â€Å"ENJOY† record saw the money making potential in this new Hip hop craze, so local record companies that were based in the New York City area, would find the hottest Disc Jockeys and MCs combination to sign on their record label. Then a person could go out and buy his or her favorite Disc Jockey or MC’s record at the local record store. Local radio stations started to play the song on air too. The Disc Jockeys that were able to get a record deal started to make more money and their MCs did too! Hip Hop music was still local to New York, until major record companies like, RCA, EMI, Polygram Records, and CBS started to buy out the all the local record companies. Now the major the record companies had worldwide distribution for the records that they sold. Hip hop was now going nationwide, and it was going to be as big as Rock and Roll. Hip hop going nationwide lead to birth to the new school hip hop. Major record companies wanted to sign up hip hop group to their label, but they didn’t want to sign the disc jockey of the group. The record companies felt that they should not have to pay someone that was not performing on the record. A lot times, a producer from the record company would strike a deal with the MCs, by telling them that they are doing all the work, and the fans are screaming their names, not the disc jockey. So MCs would get the contract and the Disc Jockey was cut loose, making this the end of Disc Jockies or MCs, and the birth of the rapper. New school rappers these were making from $100,000,000 to $200,000,000 an album. Now the rapper was headlining show and filling football stadium seats. The rapper that used to be the MCs for the disc jockey, began paying the disc jockey to spin or play music for him or her at a concert. Hip hop is now known all over the world, sung in many different languages. The lyrics of today’s hip hop rappers are not like the MCs of yesterday, Rappers now talk about how much money they are making and disrespecting women in their songs. Some rappers like tell how they made it from the drug game to the rap game, while rappers talk about the use of drugs and types drugs they prefer to use. A rapper’s lyrics often reflect the violent lifestyle of American inner cities afflicted with poverty. The â€Å"N† word is used a lot in today rapper’s lyrics In conclusion, we see that rappers remain a big part of the old and new school hip hop era and that sampling and mixing of music to create the hip hop sounds have not changed much as hip changed from old school to new. Getting the crowd hype and dancing on the floor hasn’t changed much from old to new. But, as we saw the disc jockey’s setup guy, whose original job was to set up and rap into the mike so that the crowd could focus on the music of the DJ, has grown to become to multimillion dollar money making rapper. What most people today don’t know is that it was the fall of the disc jockey, the original star of the show, which led to new school hip hop.

Niels Bohr Father Of Quantum Physics Philosophy Essay

Niels Bohr Father Of Quantum Physics Philosophy Essay Niels Henrik David Bohr was a Danish physicist born in Copenhagen on October 7th 1885. His father, Christian Bohr, was a college professor at Copenhagen University. Bohr had one younger brother named Harald, who was a mathematician, and a sister named Jennifer (Niels bohr, 1992). Bohr married Margrethe Norlund in 1912 and had six children. Unfortunately two were lost, but the remaining four would become very successful like their father. Aage followed in his fathers footsteps as a physicist, receiving the Nobel peace prize in 1975 for his collective model of the nucleus. His other sons would become a chemist, lawyer and physician (the bohr model). Bohr began his education at Gammelholm Grammar School in 1903, later entering Copenhagen University where he received his masters in physics in 1909. Soon after, in 1911, he received his doctorate. His doctors disputation was a theoretical work on the explanation of the properties of the metals with the aid of electron theory. It remains a classic to this day. The same year he received his doctorate, Bohr traveled to Cambridge where he studied under JJ Thompson. Unfortunately, they did not get along, so in 1912 he traveled to Manchester to study under Earnest Rutherford. It was here that he completed a theoretical work on the absorption of alpha rays that was published in Philosophical Magazine in 1913. Working off some of Rutherfords discoveries about the atomic nucleus, Bohr was able to develop a working model of the atom (Niels bohr, 1992). Perhaps Bohrs most important work was that with the model of the atom. Bohrs model, sometimes referred to as the planetary model, was able to provide explanation for concepts that were previously indescribable. Working off Rutherfords previous work, Bohr was able to successfully explain the spectrum of the hydrogen atom. While Rutherfords model focused mainly on the nucleus, Bohr paid greater attention to electrons. The previous model of the atom stated an electron was an orbiting planet. The problem in this flawed model was that the electron, moving in a circular path, would be accelerating. Acceleration would create a change in magnetic field, which would in turn carry energy away from the nucleus. The electron would eventually slow and be captured by the nucleus. Bohrs model expanded upon Rutherfords and solved many flaws of the previous model (The Bohr model,). Bohr discovered that the atom consisted of a small, positive nucleus, with negatively charged electrons traveling around it due to the electrostatic force of coulombs law. (Matthews 2010). Bohr stated that electrons travel only in successively larger orbits. The outer orbits hold more electrons that the inner ones and its the outer orbits that determine the atoms chemical properties (Niels bohr, 1992). Although Bohrs model eliminated many problems of earlier renderings, it was not without its own flaws. Bohrs model violated the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle because it states that electrons have both a known orbit and radius. It also made poor predictions about the spectra of larger atoms, did not predict the relative intensities of spectral lines, provided an incorrect value for the ground state orbital angular momentum, did not explain fine structures and hyperfine structures in spectral lines and did not explain the Zeeman effect (Bohr model of the atom,). The Zeeman Effect is the splitting of a spectral line by a magnetic field (Foley). Even with these problems, Bohrs model was still important for laying a foundation for future study. Erwin Schrodingers electron could model, made possible by quantum mechanics, and would come to outdate the Bohr model in the 1920s (Niels bohr, 2009). Along with his structural model of the atom, Bohr was able to explain how atoms emit radiation. He suggested that when an electron jumps from an outer orbit to an inner one, it will emit light. His research found the wavelength of the emitted light is the same as the photon that carries the energy difference between the two orbits. This showed that atoms can only absorb and emit at certain wavelengths. This theory was later expanded into quantum mechanics (Niels bohr,). In 1930 Bohr changed his focus to the constitution of atomic nuclei along with their transmutations and integrations. He found that a liquid droplet would give a very good picture of the nucleus. He developed the liquid droplet theory which helped clarify and provide understanding of the mechanics of nuclear fission and the splitting of the uranium atom. This theory would provide an important basis for future studies in this field by Hahn and Strassmann (Niels bohr, 1992). Bohr was well known for his concept of complementarily. It helped to clarify some of the problems that he found in quantum physics. The theory stated that wave and particle aspects of nature are complementary and cannot both be true at the same time (Niels bohr,). In other words something must have either wave or particle like properties, not both. The concept of complementarity stated that classical concepts such as space-time location and energy-momentum, which in classical physics were always combined into a single picture, cannot be so combined in quantum physics (Complementarity principle,). In certain situations, the use of one certain classical concept will exclude the use of another classical concept. Bohrs views on the Principle on Complementarity were represented in a number of different essays he wrote from 1933-1926 (Niels bohr, 1992). Bohr was equally famous for his correspondence principle, formulated in 1920(Niels bohr,). This principle states that the behavior of systems described by the theory of quantum mechanics reproduces classical physics in the limit of large quantum numbers (Parker, 1983). In simpler terms, this principle is the idea that a new theory should be able to reproduce the results of older theories in the domains where those older theories work (Apply quantum principle, 1999). During the Nazi occupation of Denmark, Bohr being half Jewish, fled the country to escape persecution. He and his family left the country by fishing boat and went to Sweden. Bohr then traveled to England to discuss the invention of the atomic bomb. In 1943 he traveled to Los Alamos New Mexico to work on the Manhattan Project. He, along with other scientists, helped to develop the first atomic bomb. Because it had such a potential to cause catastrophic damage, Bohr viewed the bomb as a device that could unify nations. When the war was over, Bohr returned to Copenhagen and promoted the peaceful use of atomic weapons and energy. Niels bohr, 1992). Bohr gave back to the community by sharing his knowledge. In 1913 he held a lectureship in physics at Copenhagen University and did the same in 1914-1916 at Victoria University in Manchester. He was a professor of theoretical physics at Copenhagen University and from 1920 until his death; he was the head of the Institute of Theoretical Physics. Along with educating future scientists, Bohr was President of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and the Danish Cancer Committee, Chairman of the Danish Atomic Energy Commission and a member of the Royal Society and the Royal Institution (Niels bohr, 1992). Throughout his lifetime, Bohr received many different awards for his work in a variety of disciplines. The most prestigious being the Nobel Peace Prize in 1922 for his work on the atomic model. He also received the Hughes Medal in 1921, Matteucci Medal in 1923, Copley Medal in 1938, United States Atoms for Peace Award 1957 and the Sonning Prize 1961(Niels bohr,). Bohr had many other honors apart from theses medal and trophies. The institute of physics in Copenhagen was renamed the Niels Bohr Institute in his honor. On November 21st 1963 in Demark, the Bohr model semi centennial postage stamp was commemorated featuring Bohr, the hydrogen atom, and his formula for determining the difference in any two hydrogen energy levels. The atomic elements Bohrium and Hafnium were named for him along with asteroid 3948 Bohr. Towards the end of his life, Bohr began to show an interest in molecular biology. His final work, Light and Life, proposed an idea that life might not be reducible to atomic physics. It was unfinished and published after his death (Niels bohr,). Bohr passed away in Copenhagen on November 18th 1962 due to a stroke (Niels bohr, 1992). His work had an enormous impact on the scientific world of both his time and today. His extreme strides in developing the model of the atom led to the creation of an accurate model necessary for study in modern physics. His numerous formulas solved many existing problems and would lay the groundwork for future studies. If it were not for Bohrs passion and dedication to science many modern concepts would not exist today.

Public Policy Reporting Class :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pending approval from the General Assembly, the funding for older Illinoisans will receive nearly an eight percent increase in the fiscal year 2001 budget for the Illinois Department on Aging.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The state’s portion of the overall spending is $234.9 million and funds the Department’s Community Care program at $205 million. The program provides senior citizens with home care services, adult day services and custodial care.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The eight percent increase is drastically needed according to Carol Aronson, spokesperson for the Shawnee Alliance for seniors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Senior programs are underpaid compared to the services of Department of Children and Family Services with a much lower rate of funds for seniors, even with an eight percent increase,† Aronson said.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An additional $7 million has been allocated to the Elder Abuse and Neglect Program, an increase of 11 percent. Community based agencies will be able to respond to over 8,600 reports of abuse and neglect, which account for a projected increase. The Elder abuse reports have been on the rise every year, prompting Gov. Ryan to also respond to the problem by forming a new Elder Abuse Task Force.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Illinois Department on Aging’s Elder Abuse and Neglect Program responds to all reports of abuse of people age 60 and older. The program provides investigation, intervention and follow-up services to victims. Reports are increasing about 10 percent a year, as the older population grows and awareness of the problem increases.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jones 2 â€Å"The spring session was certainly fruitful for all Illinois seniors,† said Illinois Department on Aging Director Margo E. Schreiber.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The budget will help the Illinois Department on Aging fulfill its mission, and we are grateful to the Governor and legislators for their diligent work in addressing the needs and quality of life for the seniors in our state.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  While the bill awaits approval, a similar proposal for seniors, the 100 percent campaign, has been passed and is a working success according to Susan Patterson, field coordinator for the Egyptian Area Agency on Aging, Inc. Specifically, Senate Bill 677, increased access to the state’s Medicaid program for those whose income is less than 100 percent of the federal poverty level, or $687 a month. Currently, the eligibility is set at $308 a month, or 47 percent of the federal poverty level. Through the 100 percent plan, in July 2000 the 47 percent income threshold will jump to 70 percent of the federal poverty level, which will change their income by an additional $184.

Market Failure and Government Intervention :: Papers

Market Failure and Government Intervention This essay will examine the concept of market failure and the measures that governments take remedy the failure of the market. The concept of perfect market allocation of resources was in W. Baumol's (1988,631), view largly theroretical. Baumol believed that economic models relied upon the concept of the invisible hand first discussed by Adam Smith. In these models, the perfectly competetive economy was able to allocate resources efficiently, without the need for market intervention by outside agents, including governments. However, there were significant weaknesses in these models particuarly in the area of ensuring equity of acess, social objectives and in the provision of public goods. Ensuring equity of acess, meeting social objectives and providing public goods.were considered the main reasons why the public sector provided goods. Why governments intervened in the market was due mainly to charactoristics of the market place. If the market place was to function efficiently, several conditions needed to exsist, including, * Freedom of choice * Certainty of demand * Miniminal externalities * Excludability In addition to these prerequisites, the perfect market required perfect consumer and supplier information, no rent seeking behaviour and no moral hazard existed. If these conditions were not met, market mechanisms would fail to produce the efficient allocation of resources. P. Groenewegen (1990,2) argued that governments intervened in the market place with the, ... Public sector... being engaged in the providing sevices (and in some cases goods) whose scope and variety are determined not by the direct wishes of the consumers, but by the the decisions of government bodies. This view implies that governments intervene for many reasons, including the redistributional and stablisation functions. While market failure is one reason for intervention, other considerations, including questions of equity and social justice determined the nature and the extent of government intervention. This point was expanded upon by Groenewegen (1990,2) who argued that the extent of market intervention in the supply, distribution and redistibution of goods and services are not dictated by purly political and ideological considerations, other considerations may play a role including the failure of the market in certain instances to ensure efficient, equiable allocation of resources. Another reason why governments intervened in the market place was to ensure the provision of public goods. Public goods are generally comodities that are socially desiralbe but cannot be financed through the private sector. Market Failure and Government Intervention :: Papers Market Failure and Government Intervention This essay will examine the concept of market failure and the measures that governments take remedy the failure of the market. The concept of perfect market allocation of resources was in W. Baumol's (1988,631), view largly theroretical. Baumol believed that economic models relied upon the concept of the invisible hand first discussed by Adam Smith. In these models, the perfectly competetive economy was able to allocate resources efficiently, without the need for market intervention by outside agents, including governments. However, there were significant weaknesses in these models particuarly in the area of ensuring equity of acess, social objectives and in the provision of public goods. Ensuring equity of acess, meeting social objectives and providing public goods.were considered the main reasons why the public sector provided goods. Why governments intervened in the market was due mainly to charactoristics of the market place. If the market place was to function efficiently, several conditions needed to exsist, including, * Freedom of choice * Certainty of demand * Miniminal externalities * Excludability In addition to these prerequisites, the perfect market required perfect consumer and supplier information, no rent seeking behaviour and no moral hazard existed. If these conditions were not met, market mechanisms would fail to produce the efficient allocation of resources. P. Groenewegen (1990,2) argued that governments intervened in the market place with the, ... Public sector... being engaged in the providing sevices (and in some cases goods) whose scope and variety are determined not by the direct wishes of the consumers, but by the the decisions of government bodies. This view implies that governments intervene for many reasons, including the redistributional and stablisation functions. While market failure is one reason for intervention, other considerations, including questions of equity and social justice determined the nature and the extent of government intervention. This point was expanded upon by Groenewegen (1990,2) who argued that the extent of market intervention in the supply, distribution and redistibution of goods and services are not dictated by purly political and ideological considerations, other considerations may play a role including the failure of the market in certain instances to ensure efficient, equiable allocation of resources. Another reason why governments intervened in the market place was to ensure the provision of public goods. Public goods are generally comodities that are socially desiralbe but cannot be financed through the private sector.

Jewish ROles in Medieval Europe Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are many disputes as to when exactly the Jewish people and their roles in medieval civilization became apparent to the Christian and Islam peoples of the time. Various time periods are claimed by various different authors, however in this particular case I have utilized the historical writings of Louis Finkelstein. In one of his many books, we find that his perception of Jews in this time are from about 1000 AD to 1603AD. These dates seem to encompass the entire Middle Ages much better than some of the other speculations made by various other Jewish authors.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many events were taking shape towards the end of the first century, and this is where Finkelstein finds it necessary to mark the start of the Jewish people in the so-called Dark Ages. In the year 1000, Jews were spread across the world in large and small communities from Spain and North Africa, all the way to the Byzantine Empire, which is now in modern day Turkey. Finkelstein particularly chooses this date to being with however, because of the establishing of the courts in this time period. Furthermore, this is where we now see Jews being forced to convert to Christianity or be killed. We see a great upsurge in the so-called need to reform all other religions until they are under Christianity, and Jews were the focus of much of this persecution.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is not right to say that all Jewish people of this time were being persecuted...

Collaboration Assessment Guide

Collaboration Assessment Guide Please complete this four part guide and submit for the Collaboration Lesson. Part One: Collaboration lesson/task description Describe the lesson or task you completed collaboratively in a paragraph consisting of five or more sentences. Part Two: Peer and Self Evaluation Rate each member of the team, including yourself, according to each of the performance criteria below.  ·3 = above average 2 = average 1 = below averageStudent Names|CooperationListened to and respected others and their opinions|ContributionContributed their fair share to the completion of the task or project; fulfilling their assigned duties|ParticipationConsistently spoke up, attended all meetings, fully participated, stayed on task, and offered relevant information|ResponsibilityCompleted all necessary work adequately and on time without needing reminders|FeedbackOffered appropriate and adequate feedback when necessary| |||||| ||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| |||||| Part Three: Self-Refl ection Respond to the following in two to three sentences each. What did you enjoy most about working with others on this lesson/task? Explain. How did your team deal with conflict? Explain. Do you feel others were happy with your participation in the lesson/task? Explain. What will you do differently, if anything, in your next online collaboration opportunity? Explain. Additional comments: Part Four: EvidenceProvide evidence of collaboration in the space below or in a separate document. Examples of evidence include, but are not limited to, the following:  ·Link to the team wiki, blog, Voicethread, or other web 2. 0 tool  ·Copy and paste below, attach, or provide a screen shot of the discussion thread from the blog, wiki, discussion area, instant message, email, etc.  ·Copy and paste or attach team project plan and final project  ·Any other specific evidence as listed with the collaboration lesson or task you completed

Union Are good

Families are the most important parts of our society. If the families in a community are strong, it means this community is much more powerful. Since most of our time we spend at work, all the people there are more like extended family. In the article of Galley Hurdles what Glen Sideman said you might be with second or third wife but co-workers will remains the same. This remind me of when I first started working, being new and young to work force all my co-workers were very supportive and it was a great learning experience for me.Even now when I'm living in Canada and it's been almost over three years, I'm in contact with most of them and still they guide me and it's been very helpful looking over all those suggestions. Right now because of college I can't work full time so doing part time Job in a retail store. In Just short span of time I get really close to all of my co-workers. Every weekend we go out someplace, care for each other and it really feels like extended family. It is very important for people working in an organization to have and be part of a union.I have an experience of working as an estimator for mechanical construction company both with union and non-union. I would say being in a union has many advantages. If you were to take a look at history, a lot has changed and much has been developed in the area of wages, job security, employee benefits and workplace safety. In that two years of experience what I had learn in a non-union workplace the worker has no voice, the employer makes all the rules, set wage rates which sometimes are even below the minimum age rate and If you are not satisfied, the only option Is to get another Job.In a non- union workplace I have seen no Job security at all, at the end of every Job there was fear In workers whether they can continue working here or they would be laid off. Union members were entitled to health benefits compared to non-union peers, the union workers on sites never worked too long while non-union workers I know sometimes they even have to work on weekends with no bonuses or overtime especially If the worker Is doing apprenticeship.My first experience was with non- union and I totally agree with the article myth about unions that people actually don't know much about union, Including me until I Joined a union workplace. All that being said, union brings power and leverage to the table, the worker as an Individual has no power to fight for rights In the first DIB I said, arts doesn't foster any social change but may be a good piece a art Inspires people. One look at a magnificently-painted canvas and you can almost hear women swoon or men's heart flutter.But what Is It exactly about art that Inspires people to buy them and decorate their homes and work places with It? That I really never understand. Union Are good By mathematical wage rate and if you are not satisfied, the only option is to get another Job. In a non- fear in workers whether they can continue working here or t hey would be laid off. Especially if the worker is doing apprenticeship. My first experience was with non- know much about union, including me until I Joined a union workplace.All that being said, union brings power and leverage to the table, the worker as an individual has no power to fight for rights In the first DIB I said, arts doesn't foster any social change but may be a good piece a art inspires people. One look at a magnificently-painted canvas and you can almost hear women swoon or men's heart flutter. But what is it exactly about art that inspires people to buy them and decorate their homes and work places with it? That I really never understand.