Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches Essay

In the book â€Å"Reviewing Leadership: A Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches†, Banks, Robert and Bernice Ledbetter try to portray the process of leadership and discuss its theological aspects from Christian perspective. The authors actually consider different subjects and information related to different fields to draw a proper conclusion. Moreover throughout their book they also attempt to ensure that everything worth discussing has been discussed giving proper importance to all issues of the society. First of all the authors emphasize that the subject of leadership is a very important topic worth discussing and they explore this topic from different view points. The book comprises of six important chapters. The first chapter is about the growing interest in leadership in present days. In this chapter the authors start from the very beginning making the readers aware of different related definitions, causes and many important issues. In the second chapter the authors describe the different Biblical perspectives of the leadership. In this chapter they also discuss other past and existing perspectives and try to provide the readers the changing scenario of leadership and the ministries of the common people. In the third chapter they describe different emerging concepts including religious extent of leadership. At this context the authors help the readers to believe the fact that religious practices may help to produce people who will substantially respect the norms of the civilized society. In the fourth chapter the authors vividly describe the different popular approaches to leadership. Apart from the popular approaches, different approaches to leadership which are based on the faith of the people are also discussed in this part of the book. In the next chapter, one of the most important topics, the different ways of performing leadership have been discussed. In this regard the authors mention that a leader must be very honest to the common people in his or her job of leadership. Moreover the process of leadership should be carried on with veracity, truthfulness to the common people whom they represent and nevertheless the leaders must serve the common people with honesty. In the sixth and final chapter the authors describe the implementation and the different consequences of Christian leadership through analyzing some cases including the cases of Frank Buchman, Soren Kierkegaard who were leading figure in contemporary views. According to the authors, the book is â€Å"†¦a fruit of biblical investigation and reflection on our own experiences. †1 Actually, in the opinion of the writers, the book is based on the contemporary writings of different people and conclusions made by analyzing the lives of some exemplary Christian leaders. Above all the important conclusion, derived from the book, is that the leadership is all about the overall betterment of all people of the society and not for the improvement of a particular group of people of society. The interrelationship between religion and politics becomes more intricate in present days but one thing which can’t be denied that both religion and politics are for the complete improvement of the society and for reducing the sufferings of common people irrespective of their social stature. So far what we have discussed leads to the fact that true leadership in proper implementation of ministries or setting up a religious system by motivating a large number of people can be of great help to develop a nation. 1. Banks, Robert and Bernice Ledbetter, Reviewing Leadership: A Christian Evaluation of Current Approaches (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker Academic, 2004), 11.

Algal Biomass

In addition to that, access to carbon dioxide and water areessential. Even though microalgae can produce in the presence of saline water,fresh water is needed in a raceway pond system to compensate for the evaporativeloss depending on the wind velocity, air temperature, and humidity level of thelocation. Temperature is an important element in biomass cultivation. Most algaegrow better in warmer climates ranging from 25-40?. Tropical locations with auniformly warm temperature throughout the year (Chisti, 2016), can act as perfectlocations for algaculture as the temperature doesn't have to be monitored at alltimes, and the algae can adapt to local conditions.There are however some drawbacks while using raceway pond systems, thatrender them sometimes ineffective. Since, carbon dioxide is required to acceleratethe production of microalgae, an accumulation of oxygen can act as a hindrance tothe process. There is no known mechanism in a raceway pond, that helps curb thisaccumulation of oxygen. Peak sunlight hours during the day can hamper with thephotosynthesis, as the level of oxygen may increase to up to three times of the levelin saturated water. For this reason, smaller raceway ponds achieve better resultsthan larger ponds with respect to oxygen removal, and in turn better productivity. Another issue with raceways is the contamination due to exposure to rain, dust andother debris. Smaller ponds may be placed inside, but that can't be said for largerponds. Filtration can help inhibit infestations and contamination of the ponds, but thatis an expensive process.The production cost of biomass with raceways is considered to be the leastexpensive option. The cost of a pond depends on the type of facility it is built in,plastic lined earthen raceways are the least expensive alternatives with their totalcost of construction amounting to be approximately $70,000 per hectare, whereasponds enclosed in greenhouses or covered facilities are more expensive as theyprotect from contamination. Raceways require least amount of capital investmentand therefore remain the system of choice, despite their low productivity anddrawbacks.Photo-bioreactors (PBRs)A photo-bioreactor is a closed equipment which provides a controlledenvironment and enables high productivity of algae. PBRs curb all the problems thatare faced in raceways ponds, like carbon dioxide supply, temperature, optimaloxygen levels, pH levels etc. There are two types of photo-bioreactors- flat-plate andand tubular. Both PBRs are made of transparent materials for maximum solar lightenergy absorption. Flat-plate PBRs are suitable for mass cultivation of algae,because high photosynthetic efficiencies can be achieved. Tubular PBRs aresuitable for outdoor cultivation, and are constructed with either glass or plastic tubes. Systems covering large areas outdoors, consist of tubes exposed to sunlight and canbe operated either in batches or continuously. Photo-bioreactors usually have a4water pool as a temperature control system in order to prevent the tubes fromoverheating as they act as solar receptors. They also have built in cleaning systemfor the tubes without stopping production. Fundamentally, using photo-bioreactorsare more advantageous than using raceways for many reasons, like cultivation ofalgae under controlled environments resulting in higher productivity, protection fromcontamination, space-saving and larger surface to volume ratio. However there aresome limitations attached to PBRs; the capital cost is very high which is impedingthe progress of microalgae biofuel production, in spite of larger production levels. Also, data from the past two decades has shown that the productivity in an enclosePBR is not much higher than that achieved in open-pond cultures.3. Environmental Limitations of Microalgae CultivationAs with all large scale productions, wide scale microalgae biofuel productioncould have diverse environmental impacts. Water is a critical element of the biofuelproduction processes, in both raceway-ponds and PBRs. With the current globalwater crisis, using large amounts of fresh water to compensate for evaporation inopen ponds or to cool PBRs, renders the system economically unviable. Seawater orbrackish water may be used in these functions, but have to be filtered in order toprevent infestation of bacteria, and contamination. Recirculating water is onealternative to curb the usage of water, but that has risks of virus infestations, and theresidues of previously destroyed algae cells. Filtration systems are expensive, andfactor in with the lack of cost effectiveness of these systems.Most microalgae production farms have to be located close to the equator inorder to ensure high levels of production due to the uniformity of the climate, andadequate amount of solar radiation. Another factor is the type of land and terrain thefarm is located in, for instance to install a large raceway pond, a relatively flat land isrequired. The addition of nutrients and fertilisers like nitrogen and phosphorus is alsoessential for algaculture. The amount of nutrients and fertilisers to be usedadditionally depends on the soil porosity and permeability of the land. Algalcultivation requires a lot of fertilisers to make up for the compensation for fossil fuels.Researching and budgeting nutrients and fertilisers is a key concern in research anddevelopment of microalgae cultivation. Algal cultivation requires usage of fossil fuels continuously in a plethora ofways, ranging from electricity consumption during cultivation and natural gas used todry the algae for production. In PBRs, the temperature control for cooling the pipesfrom overheating increases the use of fossil fuels. This use of fossil fuels in algaebiofuel production is paradoxical to the cause and a dire need to optimise the systemto minimise the energy usage is established. That being said, microalgae cultivationfaces a variety of environmental challenges, coming from the location to the type of5algae. Energy conservation and water management are two of the main challengesto be conquered to make the system sustainable in the future.4. Cost EffectivenessThe cost of algae biofuel production is essential to establish to know howsustainable this system can be in the future. The cost of biofuel production dependson a variety of factors, such as the the yield of the biomass, geographical location, oilcontent, scale of production systems etc. Presently, microalgae biofuel production isstill more expensive than normal diesel fuels because of the ongoing R&D, and theambiguity of current knowledge. Chisti in 2007 approximated the cost of productionof algal-oils from a PBR with an annual production capacity of 10,000 tons per yearand estimated the cost of $2.80 per litre, considering the oil content to be 30% in thealgae used. This estimation is exclusive of the algal oil to biodiesel conversion costs,logistics, marketing costs and taxes. Due to these high costs of algal-fuel, the utmostimportance during research should be given to cost-saving itself, in an attempt tomake biofuel from microalgae affordable enough to be commercialised in the nearfuture.Open pond systems would ideally be the most economically viable way tocultivate microalgae biofuel, but not without it's set of intrinsic disadvantagesdiscussed earlier in this research paper. As the technology gets increasinglyadvanced, the cost factor multiplies as well making the entire process a lot lesseconomical than what was started with first hand. Improved yield of biomass andnutrient oils (or lipids) would make the production costs drop rapidly.Moreover, to reduce the production costs alternative ways to manage energy andwater consumption have to be devised, a simplified design for PBRs is necessary.Substitutes for fresh water like wastewater and flue gases can contribute to lowercosts of production. Biofuel Production The rapid growth of environmental pollution by the usage of conventionalfossil fuels has sparked a lot of concern globally. The research and development foralternative fuels is one of the principal focuses for every country in an attempt for asustainable and promising future on this planet for all generations. Various optionsare available to us to help us make this shift, however to find a sustainable methodwhich is as promising as it is economically viable is a global challenge. Currently,biomass derived fuels seem to be the most optimistic path.Various ways of harvesting algae have been discussed in this paper, the next step istypically to process the algae in a series of steps which differ from species to6species. One of the most important approaches in biomass production isHydrothermal Liquefaction or HTL.5.1 Hydrothermal LiquefactionHydrothermal Liquefaction employes â€Å"a continuous process that subjectsharvested wet algae to high temperatures and pressures† (Elliot, 2013). Convertingsolid biomass to liquid fuels is not a spontaneous process. The liquid fuels derivedfrom fossil fuels on a large scale took thousands of years to convert biomass tocrude oil and gas. In present day, there are many modern conversion technologies toobtain liquefied fuels from various biomasses, these conversion technologies canfundamentally be classified into biochemical and thermochemical conversion.Biochemical mass usually has low energy density, high moisture content and doesnot have a very viscous physical form. Thermochemical conversions in comparisonare much more viscous as they are converted at very high temperatures in highpressures in the presence of catalysts that make the conversions much more rapid.Simply, Hydrothermal Liquefaction is â€Å"the thermochemical conversion of biomassinto liquid fuels by processing in a hot, pressurized environment for sufficient time tobreak down into solid bio polymeric structure to mainly liquid components†(Gollakota, 2017). Microalgae is, amongst all possible biomass sources, the most efficientand reliable source of wet biomass due to its high photosynthetic efficiency,maximum production levels, and its rapid growth in almost all environments. Overthe years, many thermochemical conversions have made their way, and while eachhas their pros and cons, HTL has come a long way as one of the most appropriateprocesses to tackle thermochemical conversion of wet biomass. Many scientists overthe years have done extensive research pertaining to the development ofhydrothermal liquefaction, such as Beckmann and Elliott who studied the propertiesof oil obtained from HTL of biomass, and gave crucial inputs with respect to the kindof catalysts and other parameters are pertinent to the HTL process to ensuresignificant productivity.5.2 Process MechanismCurrently, the knowledge about HTL process mechanisms is qualitative andneeds a lot more space for research. The mechanism comprises of three majorsteps: depolymerisation, decomposition and recombination. The chemistry behind allthese processes is very complex as the biomass is a complex mixture ofcarbohydrates, proteins, oils etc. Each working mechanism of hydrothermalliquefaction is discussed below.5.2.1 Depolymerisation7In this process the macromolecules of the biomass are dissolves through theirphysical and chemical properties. Depolymerisation makes it easier for the biomassto overcome it's natural qualities and start behaving like fossil fuels. It mimics thegeological processes, that are involved in the production of conventional fossil fuels.The process first grounds the feedstock material into small chunks and mixes it withwater, if the feedstock is fry. This mixture is then put into a pressure vessel reactionchamber where it is heated at a constant volume at a temperature of 250?, themixture is held in these conditions for approximately 15 minutes at the end of whichthe pressure is released and most of the water is boiled off. The resultant concoctionconsists of crude hydrocarbons and solid minerals. The minerals are removed andthe hydrocarbons are sent to the second stage.The disadvantage of this process is that it only breaks down long molecularchains into shorter ones, this implies that smaller molecules like carbon dioxide ormethane cannot be broken down further by depolymerisation. Decomposition or Dehydration The second stage of hydrothermal liquefaction involves the loss of the watermolecule, the carbon dioxide molecule and the acid content. Water at high pressuresand temperatures breaks down the hydrogen bonded structure of celluloses and inturn forms glucose monomers. This is how HTL provides an alternative processroute from microalgae biofuels to hydrocarbon liquid fuels.5.2.3 RecombinationThis is the last step in HTL which is reverse of the two previous processesbecause of the absence of the hydrogen compound. The free radicals are largelyavailable which in turn recombine or repolymerise to form high molecular weight charcompounds.5.3 Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Microalgae:The main advantage of using HTL for microalgae is that it doesn'trequire the predrying of feedstock, yet ensuring a relatively high production. Theprocess of HTL applied to microalgae is similar to treating cellulose but with a fewdifferences, the major one being treating wed feedstock as opposed to dryfeedstock. One of the principally researched issues that will ensure high productivityis a high lipid yield, which is necessary to convert microalgae into biodiesel. Theeffect of significant variables, such as temperature, pressure, volume, biomassconcentration and compositions of algae, catalysts et al. is still under research.During hydrothermal liquefaction of microalgae, a rational heat management system8must be put in place that ensures energy efficiency and separation of the endproduct. Current Situation ; Future Viability:In present day, pertaining to all the advantages and disadvantages of HTL,there is sufficient proof that HTL has potential to become a commercialisedtechnology in the future.Biofuels produced using hydrothermal liquefaction are absent of carbon, thisimplies that there are no carbon emissions produced when the biofuel is burnt.Materials like algae use photosynthesis to grow, and therefore use the carbondioxide already present in the atmosphere. The carbon imprint produced by biofuelsis exponentially lower than what is already being experienced by conventional fossilfuels. Hydrothermal Liquefaction is a clean process, which doesn't harm theenvironment by producing harmful gases like ammonia or sulphur. If the technologyis mastered, HTL can pave the way for clean algal biofuels globally, although thereare still a number of challenges to be overcome. Conclusion The cultivation and production of microalgae biofuels is swiftly developing andis receiving attention and funding from global leaders. The rapid increase in worldpopulation, and hence the energy demand is a siren call to devise an alternativeenergy source. Microalgae's versatile qualities make it a promising path to tread onwhen it comes to biofuels. There are various ways to derive biofuels from algae aswe saw in this paper, and also many challenges attached with them. Bio-oil obtainedfrom various processes suffers from various drawbacks such as a high oxygencontent, instability etc, therefore an optimal technique to efficiently convert biomassto biofuel should be researched in order to be able to commercialise the use ofbiofuels in the near future. Making biofuels economically viable in the future is a bigchallenge in itself. Even though, photo-bioreactors promise a bright future in terms ofbiofuel cultivation, the overhead costs attached from cultivating the biofuel to makingit market ready and selling it are still quite high. These high costs of biofuels ascompared to conventional fossil fuels are what render them unready forcommercialisation. However, even with theoretical development and research, abright future for microalgae fossil fuels presents itself.

How Important Is Recycling In Society Environmental Sciences Essay

RecyclingA is a procedure of utilizing waste stuffs into new merchandises to forestall wastage of utile stuffs, reduces the ingestion of fresh natural stuffs, reduceA use of energy, reduces chiefly land pollution and H2O pollution by cut downing the demand for â€Å" conventional † waste disposal. Recycling is a cardinal constituent of cut downing modern waste and is the 3rd constituent of the 3R constructs that are â€Å" Reduce, Reuse, Recycle † A . The recycling symbolA is recognizedA symbolA used to designateA recyclableA stuffs internationally. It is composed of three trailing pointers that form an ageless cringle. Recycling has been a common pattern for most of human history, with recorded of advocators as far back as Plato in 400 BC.A During periods when resources are rare, archeological surveies of ancient mopess wastes show less household waste ( such as ashes, broken tools and clayware ) -implying more waste were being recycled in the absence of new stuff. In pre-industrial times, there is grounds of bit bronze and other metals are collected in Europe and melted down for ageless reuse.A In Britain dust and ash from the wood fires and coal fires was collected by â€Å" scavengers † and downcycled as the basic stuff used in the industry of bricks.A The chief driver of these types of recycling was the economic advantage of obtaining recycled feedstock alternatively of geting virgin stuff, and every bit good as the deficiency of public waste remotion in more dumbly populated countries. In 1813, Benjamin Law developed the procedure of turning in shred into â€Å" cheapjack † and â€Å" mungo † wool in Batley, Yorkshire.A This stuff recycled combined fibers with virgin wool.A Industry West Yorkshire in towns such as Batley and Dewsbury, lasted from the early nineteenth century at least 1914. Industrialization has increased the demand for stuffs, aside from shreds, ferric scrapped metals were desired because they were cheaper to purchase than that of virgin ore.A Railways both bought and sold bit metal in the nineteenth century, and the turning steel and automotive industries progressively purchased bit in the early twentieth century.A Many secondary merchandises have been collected, processed and sold by the peddlers who combed mopess, streets, and went door to door in hunt of cast-off machines, pots, pans, and otherA metal sources.A By the World War I, 1000s of merchandisers roamed the streets of metropoliss in the U.S. , taking advantage of market forces to recycle post-consumer stuffs back into industrial production. Wartime Resource deficits caused by World Wars, and other events that change the universe greatly encouraged recycling.A Extensive authorities publicity runs have been carried out in the Second World War in every states involved in the war, coercing citizens to donate metals and preserve fibre, as a affair of important loyal importance.A For illustration in 1939, Britain launched a plan called Paper Salvage where this is to promote recycling of stuffs to help the war effort.A Resource preservation plans established during the war were continued in some states without an copiousness of natural resources, like Japan after the war ended. Postwar The following major investing in recycling occurred in the seventiess due to lifting energy costs.A Recycling aluminium uses merely 5 % of the energy required by virgin production, glass, paper and metals have less dramatic but really important energy when recycled feedstock is used. Importance of recycling Recycling is indispensable to both to human existences and its surrounding environment. Some facts about how rubbish that we produce is invariably increasing: I. Population is being increased and that means there are more people to make waste. two. The wealth is being increased and that means people are purchasing more and more merchandises and making more waste finally. three. Lifestyle is being changed, such as devouring more fast nutrient presents, and that means we create extra waste that is non-biodegradable. four. Developing of new technological merchandises and new packaging are being created, most of the stuffs in these merchandises that are non-biodegradable. Importance to people Around the universe, recycling is of import to metropoliss and to the people populating here and at that place in these metropoliss. I. By and large continuing natural resources is indispensable for the future coevalss. The demand for more natural stuffs is reduced by recycling ; it besides minimizes the usage of energy, hence its better continuing natural resources for the hereafter. two. Fiscal outgo is being reduced in the economic system. The merchandises made from the natural stuffs costs much more than if they were made from recycling merchandises. Environmental importance Waste is of import to be recycle as it has a immense negative impact on natural environment.i.Recycling helps to minimise the pollution caused by waste as these waste can let go of risky chemicals and nursery gases to the environment.two. Deforestation can do habitat devastation and planetary heating. the demand for natural stuffs can be reduced by recycling ( e.g: paper recycling ) . three. When merchandises are being made from natural stuffs, big sum of energy are being used. Recycling requires less energy and hence it helps to continue natural resources.Recycling in MauritiusIt has been noted that up until really recently in Mauritius the recycling of waste from family has been referred to a little measure and which are being likely to be neglected. Surely screening of waste and recycling is ineluctable for our spectacless, Sns, plastics and documents. It is true that, some of the larger hypermarkets are interested with fictile bin for aggregation and recycling, but what about the other waste we produced? But this state of affairs is being changed with the act of introducing of in 2007 the NGO of Mission Verte. There is now a proliferation of about 20 recycling centersA in Mauritius. The aboriginal purpose of the NGO is to raise consciousness of the populace about the 3R that is to cut down, re-use and recycle the waste of family. Their attempts aimed greatly at promoting the sorting and sedimentation of documents, composition boards, Sn, plastics and spectacless by the persons for assemblage and collected by local companies for the procedure recycling, but they are besides acute to advance theA compost methodsA of the green waste by the populace. Mare Chicose, created in the 1990s, is place to the island ‘s merely family landfill waste site. However, this landfill is under force per unit area because of the increasing sum of waste created. An sum of 375,000 metric tons of solid waste was created in 2003 ( 1,200 metric tons per twenty-four hours ) , which is expected to increase by 418,000 metric tons in 2014 and 510,000 in 2034. To clear up the state of affairs, the authorities has proposedA the creative activity ofA anA incinerationA plantA which would manage aboutA three quartersA of theA waste createdA andA produceA electricity.A TheA obstacleA is thatA the waste in Mauritius, which is mostly green ( garden waste, veggies, A etc. ) , A non suited for incineration, A andA besides that the chimneyA would haveA major negativeA public wellness, environmental andA economic impacts.A Environmental organizationsA inA MauritiusA recommend that minimizingA the creative activity of waste by enabling the recyclingA andA compost ingA ofA green waste ; A will extendA theA lifetime sufficientlyA landfill site, removingA theA importanceA of an incineratorA orA forA further landfill sites. Screening of waste Bins have been provided in many topographic points in Mauritius to rectify sorting of waste. The Mission Verte organisation provides information cusps about the marks on these bins. Materials that can be recycle in Mauritius Thin composition boards and paper – Thin composition board: bristol paper, for illustration: biscuits boxes, , coffin nail packages, medical specialty boxes etc. Paper: Magazine, handbills, newspaper, envelope and pulling documents, exercising books and telephone books. Note that milk, soap cartons, juice, C paper or dirty paper, wallpapers and wax documents, metalized and plasticized paper ( cocoa or some confects negligees ) can non be recycle. plastic- jar, bottle, container and pots of ‘all ‘ fictile types All types of plastic can now be deposited at: Grand-Bay, Tamarin and Forest-sides.A Merely fictile bottles can be deposited at Floreal, Curepipe, Flacq, Mahebourg, Phoenix and Trianon. aluminum tins and metal- Aluminium tins are discarded in the plastic subdivision Note that Preserves tins, jam tins, aerosols, metallic tray, aluminum pans or dishware can non be recycle in Mauritius. cardboards- All packaging and boxes made of ‘corrugated composition board ‘ can merely be recycle in Mauritius. Note: Dirty containers of pizza, poster board, or other nutrient containers can non be recycle in our island. glass – All glass bottle, jars and pot can be recycle except mirror, porcelains, light bulb and ceramic which can non be recycle in Mauritius. ( glass can merely be recovered at Curepipe terminal )

Impact of FTA on international trade Research Paper - 3

Impact of FTA on international trade - Research Paper Example ble indicated the geographical distance between the largest cities of the countries involved in free trade agreements reflecting the intangible and tangible trade costs. The results were expected to be negative with a longer distance as the cost increased with distance (Braga and Mendez, 1983). Language and adjacency were the dummy variables that indicated trade costs such as transportation cost as well as cultural similarity. The adjacency variable indicated the value of unity of countries sharing a common border while language variable indicated the value of unity if common official languages shared among the involved countries. The binary variable FTA was important in capturing â€Å"the general FTA effect on trade flows.† The variables were constructed based on 22 regional trade agreements as well as 86 bilateral trade agreements up to 2006 (Chen and Tsai, 2005). The nested dummy variable is Timedum was used for capturing the external annual time effect at the period. The data was collected through primary as well as secondary sources. Primary data was collected by the help of observations and by conducting interviews; whereas the secondary data was collected from scholarly sources. The sample for estimation of the information includes 178 countries between the period of 1985 to 2005. For the study, the sample was constructed through expansion of the dataset as constructed by Rose (2005). The bilateral trade values, GDP per capital, distance, GDP, language and adjacency variables from the data were set and were expand using the International Financial statistics of IMF (international monetary fund) and the Direction of Trade Statistics. The trade data was taken from the Direction of Trade Statistics (DOT). The dummy variables, i.e., distance, language, Adjacency are kept constant for the study. In the estimation method, a structural change test was first conducted because the sample had a long time series dimension. The cumulative sum of recursive residual

Legalizing Marijuana Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Legalizing Marijuana - Research Paper Example Marijuana use has over time been seen as a danger to society as a whole thus pushing for its prohibition and due to this, it has been included in the war against drugs. However, the benefits of medical marijuana, particularly its economic benefits are eye catching and if properly channeled can be beneficial to the society today. Marijuana is the most used illegal drug- a product of the hemp plant, cannabis sativa. Cannabis is an anal flowering herb with palmate compound leafs that are used in making marijuana. Marijuana has walked with history since then, with the first recorded use of cannabis dating back to 7,000B.C. The Chinese, Egyptians, Greeks and Romans used this drug for its medicinal values since it healed stomach ailments cramps and pain.(Caulking et al 35). This drug originated from Asia and speculations have it that Napoleons troops sneaked Marijuana into Europe after discovering there was more to it than medicinal value. The Mexican immigrants then helped spread this drug across America where it was introduced for medicinal purposes. The curious Americans discovered its recreational ability when alcohol was banned and prohibited. Once the federal government imposed a ban on alcohol, marijuana became an alternative and its usage soared. In the year 1930, the U.S government and the media both collaborated in demonizing marijuana sighting it as a devil with its roots in hell. This led to the prohibition of marijuana with the government and the liquor industry formulating a movie aimed at discouraging people from the use of marijuana (Dudley 105). It is evident that the propaganda emerging about marijuana were not well researched, causing tension among its users and the government. Instead, it created problems that were more serious. Small drug offenders filled prisons to overcrowding. Besides, alleviating the problem of overcrowding jails, if marijuana were legalized and properly regulated, its users would be

Discussion board 5 - international law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Discussion board 5 - international law - Essay Example There is evidence, however, that the KP has done very little in solving the world’s climate problems. Even though the treaty was negotiated in 1997, energy-related emissions had grown 24%, and that only limited financial resources had been provided by developing countries to assist them in reducing their emissions. Another criticism of the KP is based upon what Liverman (2008) calls â€Å"climate justice† (n.p.). The emissions created by developing countries make up the bulk of the total number of emissions and are more vulnerable in these countries compared to the high emissions in the developed world, especially by the U.S. and by major multinational corporations. Critics of the KP have stated that it unfairly puts the burden on the west to financially rectify global warming, when developing countries are often more to blame. Therefore, the argument that the KP would have been more effective if the U.S. and China would have signed it is weak because even if they had r atified it, there is no evidence that global emissions would have been significantly reduced. Perhaps other protocols should be used, ones that do not penalize the west so heavily and that are more effective in what they seek to accomplish. 2. Laws of war Regardless of one’s opinion regarding the Bush administration’s compliance (or lack of compliance) with the international provisions governing the use of force with respect to retaliation, the use of certain weapons, the treatment of POWs and civilians, and the use of torture, any state that has signed agreements and treaties prohibiting them should adhere to them. If the United States or any other country that is a member of the UN that has signed these treaties violate them in any way, they should be held responsible. Of course, the controversy is if the Bush administration actually did that. Members of the U.S. government, especially in the Bush years, insist that they did not. That is beyond the purview of this as signment. It depends upon one’s perspective and political viewpoints, and it depends on who you ask. The U.S. Supreme Court, in its 2006 Hamdan vs. Rumsfeld ruling, declared that military commissions for trying terrorist suspects violated both U.S. military law and the Geneva Convention (Brooks, 2006). The Bush administration held that Common Article 3 of the Geneva Convention did not apply to Al Qaeda combatants because its protections applied only to conflicts between states. They reasoned that since Al Qaeda was not a state, the Geneva Convention did not apply to them. The Supreme Court disagreed, which potentially made high-ranking Bush administration officials subject to prosecution under the federal War Crimes Act, something that did not materialize. 3. International Convention on the Prevention of the Sea by Oil This convention, also called OILPOL (http://www.internationallawhelp.com/convention_prevention_pollution_sea_oil.htm) and ratified in 1954, was the first of it s kind to prevent the pollution of the sea by oil by tankers. It prohibited the discharge of oil or oil mixture by tankers within prohibited zones. In 1969, amendments were made to OILPOL that created even more stringent requirements for operational discharges. This was done because the design of oil tankers had changed since 1954 to a â€Å"load-on-top system† (Global instruments, n.d.) OILPOL was further amended in 1971 that imposed new standards on the construction of oil tankers. It was superseded by the 1973/78 MARPOL

Contoso Legal Department and Client Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Contoso Legal Department and Client - Term Paper Example An installation of Windows 7 would become an upgrade, as the Windows version was essentially released to upgrade the previous version. Upgrading the existing system would include installation of Windows 7. This upgrade would provide improved functioning of the existing features through the performance improvements included in the new Windows version. These features allow computers to perform numerous functions previously unavailable in the other Microsoft operating systems. Installation of Windows 7 would also include upgrading the server system through the installation of a compatible system in the server. The Windows server 2008 R2 could be identified as the best option for the server. The Microsoft Corporation released this server system as a counterpart for Windows 7 (Microsoft, 2012). These systems function in extreme uniformity once installed together, allowing quick access to company servers from the personal computers. Compatibility of these two systems remains essential in e nabling ad creasing efficiency of the entire system. This server system would significantly improve the capability of the installed operating system to access the company server. This server system becomes essential when using Windows 7 in ensuring proper functionality for the operating system. The system requires hardware configuration similar to those of the preceding versions released. The fundamental aspect of the system remains the capability to allow easy document sharing. The system image could be defined as the capability for a computer system to shut and return to the same state when restarted. This remains one of the essential changes present in the Windows 7 version, integrating the capability to hibernate computers. The new version presents systems with the ability to store information in volatile memories essentially allowing creation of system images. The proposed Windows version comes with the capability to hibernate, therefore, allowing the capability to operate the computers in energy saving modes. This feature remains critical in reducing the energy consumption of the entire company (Pogue, October 21, 2009). The system image feature becomes essential in allowing off-line operating system debugging. The operating system with the capability to create system images, allows the computer to return to operational mode immediately, upon command. This feature could assist the department in minimizing incidents of losing critical data, stored within the departmental computers. The creation of a system image remains a feature available only in this version of Microsoft windows. Windows 7 allows the user to create system images, enabling the mounting of system drives that cannot be modified. The system images allow performing of various actions aimed at recovering system information regarding the operating system. Microsoft Corporation introduced this feature when launching Windows 7, making the operating system the first Microsoft windows with the cap ability to mount system image independently. The inclusion of the system image significantly improves the capability to avail system backup, which could become critical in recovering lost system information. The operating system allows launching of this feature from different media including optical disks. Creating a system image during the first installation could enable the launching of the image from the computer hard disk. The hardware requirements for Windows 7 remain

Social Influence Assignment (Psychology) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Social Influence Assignment (Psychology) - Essay Example nd their respective relationship with the assumption of conforming to society: conformity is directly proportional to the number of confederates or accomplices in the group and it is directly proportional as well to the unanimity of the control group. In truth however Asch hypothesized that the majority would not conform to anything that was obviously wrong and held that â€Å"individuals are not as malleable or submissive as prevailing doctrines maintained† (Friend et.al., 1990, p.31). According to Blass (1998, p. 46), the original focus of Asch’s studies was to study conformity to behavior of greater consequence than judging lengths of line, yet this technique was employed nevertheless because of its correspondence as empirical and statistical data and the convenience in presenting its findings. Thus the experiment was conducted by seating participants, including confederates, in a room and they were asked a variety of questions on lines such as which line matches with another and other comparative questions depicted on a pair of cards. They were all asked to announce their answers out loud and the confederates always recited their answers before the participant who was being studied. At first, the confederates delivered accurate answers but they eventually opted to have wrong answers as per instruction. During the course of the experiment, the two variables as stated earlier, namely the number of confederates and the unanimity of the answers of the group, were gradually changed. Keeping in mind the two choices of the studied participant which was to either act out of his or her own independence, that is to ignore the majority, or to conform, which is to ignore his own senses, the results were as follows: Of the 123 put to the test, in ordinary circumstances individuals matching the lines will make mistakes less than 1 per cent of the time, under group pressure, studied subjects swung to acceptance of the majoritys wrong judgments in 36.8 per cent of the

The Fake Democratic Impact of the Social Media Web Sites Research Paper

The Fake Democratic Impact of the Social Media Web Sites - Research Paper Example The contemporary society is controlled by numerous functions of the internet including Wikipedia, youtube and blogging in general and the social networking in particular. Nevertheless, just like any inventor projects personal ideology through the invention, social media websites have also played a biased role in the promotion of awareness. Social media websites have played a negative role through the spread anarchy across the world in the name of democracy by projecting the views of the controlling agencies. US has conventionally played a central role in the spread of social media websites as the forums of discussion for the spread of democracy both within US and in several other countries particularly in the Asia and the Middle East. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in its Article 19 allows every individual a right â€Å"to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers† (Posner cited in Philadelphia News). This has prima rily been achieved by use of the mobile technology and the social media websites. In a vast majority of cases, the exchange of opinions in the social media websites has flared up the notions of anarchy amongst the users. Twitter was frequently used by the democracy activists in Iran to schedule the strikes. Also, a multinational campaign was organized with the help of Facebook against the Colombian narco-terrorist group called FARC. Antigovernment activists in North Africa and the Middle East have received training from the US about using the computer technology for spreading the democracy. Activists get the application uploaded in their cell phones. If the application is captured, the contact book immediately gets removed by the software and the activists receive a warning signal. The evidence can be erased with a single push of the button using the â€Å"panic button† technology (GRTV). American officials say that they use the technology to safeguard the concerns of the pro -democracy agencies across the border. Hundreds of thousands of the democracy activists are receiving training from US to run antigovernment campaigns that have recently been noticed in several Middle Eastern countries including Egypt and Lebanon. Foreign interference doesn't have to be a military invasion and a bombing campaign or some kind of a special operation in that country. It can also be the training and funding and political support given to individuals who then promote those foreign interests. That's one of the newest strategies that the US government has successfully been executing in different countries around the world, that it doesn't consider subordinate to their agenda. And they do it subtly, so it's harder to detect and denounce it, which is often more effective. (Golinger cited in GRTV). Social media websites are also being increasingly used by fake identities just to strengthen the popularity of views of a particular community. One example of this is the online ma nagement program that has been launched by the US military to enable the false personas to enhance the communication flow on the social media websites. In this sense, the social media websites are being increasingly used for the warfare. â€Å"People are using social media for cyber warfare. That's what we are going to see -- governments or non-state actors are going to try to find ways to use the internet and social media to gain

College is Worth it in the End Essay Example for Free

College is Worth it in the End Essay Right now in our century, a college education is no longer an option, but a necessity. Many college students at universities around the world all have one big question when entering into their next step of education. A college student’s biggest problem when entering school is whether or not their college degree is worth going into debt and how they will afford tuition, books, activity fees, etc. There are different opinions from both sides that contain a valid argument. I believe college is definitely worth possibly going into debt. Here are some statistics from the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The BLS announced in 2011 that the unemployment rate for people with college credits but no degree was eight point seven percent. That number plummeted to four point nine percent for people who earned a bachelor’s degree and three point six percent for those with a master’s degree. There are salary benefits as well. In that same year, those who did not finish college earned seven hundred nineteen dollars per week, while college graduates earned approximately one thousand fifty-three dollars per week and those with graduate degrees earned one thousand two hundred and sixty-three dollars per week. A growing number of students suffer soaring college debt, many questions are being raised about the value of higher education and the job offerings in a struggling economy (BLS.) The main reason why people go to college is not because they want to but because they have to. Nowadays it is hard to get a decent paying job without a college degree. Going to college and getting a degree does not necessarily guarantee that a student is going to get a job right after graduation. A student needs to get a job as soon as possible after graduating to pay back all student loans and debts. The main question asked today is, â€Å"Is College really worth going into debt?† Kaycie Sonnier a freshman says, â€Å"It really depends on if you are going to college for a high paying career choice.† It is not that some majors are worthless, but that students have to face the reality of how they are going to pay back the money they have borrowed for their education. Many students enter college without knowing what degree they want to major in. Sonnier believes college is worth the debt you may possibly fall under. She believes there are rewards for going to college and finishing with a degree. Being able to get a high paying job right out of college will help pay off any loans taken out (Sonnier.) Student loans have helped many students be able to experience the college life without having to pay up front for tuition. To a large extent, debt is unavoidable, and some students graduate with some amount of it. Students like Joshua Sonnier who only completed two semesters of college says, â€Å"Hell no college is not worth going into debt.† Sonnier had the opportunity to get on at a job that did not require a college degree. â€Å"I work as a train conductor making more money than most people who do go to college. I got hired on and immediately started taking classes that my company paid for, passed my entire test and became a certified conductor. This did not cost me any money out of my pocket, and I do not have to worry about paying back any type of student loans† (Sonnier.) Some individuals feel like college is just a waste of money and time. There are definitely pros and cons when it comes to college. I think college can either be some of the best years of one’s life or it can be an absolute nightmare. College is all about how you make it. In the end having a diploma will absolutely be worth the debt that may come along throughout your journey through college. Works Cited Home page. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2012. Web. 14 February 2013. Sonnier, Joshua. Personal Interview. 6 February 2013. Sonnier, Kaycie. Personal Interview. 6 February 2013.

Oil and gas of kazakhstan

Oil and gas of kazakhstan The size of oil and gas reserves of the Republic of Kazakhstan alone make national oil company of the country called KazMunaiGaz (KMG), an outstanding addition to any study of national oil companies. The countrys proven oil reserves are estimated between 9 billion and 17.6 billion barrels, including both land and offshore fields, as a potential producer of considerable influence. (â€Å"An Energy Overview of the Republic of Kazakhstan,† US Department of Energy, available from: http://www.fe.doe.gov/international/Russia_and_Central_Asia/kazkover.html#Oil ). When major new projects in Kazakhstan reached full production (probably by 2015), is expected to produce at least 3 million barrels of oil per day, which would make the country larger producer of oil compare to Norway, and it would be just behind Mexico and Iran. Even today Kazakhstan is in the list of one of the leading countries by producing 1.29 million barrels per day (Energy Information Administration. â€Å"Kazakhstan .† Country Analysis Briefs, 2006. Available online at http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kazakhstan/Oil.html. ). And almost anyone interested in investing in Kazakhstan is forced to work, in one form or another, with National Oil Company KazMunaiGaz (NC KMG). NC KMG is also worthy of attention of those interested in the changing structure of the international petroleum industry. The company is largely a work in progress, one of the worlds youngest national oil companies, which could become a kind of model for other leading and evolving national oil and the gas companies, especially those of the former U.S.S.R., where is an important part of the worlds untapped oil and gas reserves are discovered. KMG has some common similarity with other National Oil Companies (NOC) created in post-Soviet states such as Russia, Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. However, the government of Kazakhstan has defined a much more aggressive development mission for NC KMG than Azerbaijans Government of SOCAR has for it. Unlike Russia, where there are two NOCs Rosneft and Gazprom, with competing interests, Kazakhstan has chosen to strengthen its holdings into one company. Yet, NC KMG has similarity with both Gazprom and Rosneft. The degree of vertical integration of Kazakhs KMG is similar to that of Gazprom. Rosneft for the time being lacking the same transportation and refining capacity of KMG or Gazprom, the actions of another equally important similarity with the Kazakh business: both are trying to introduce western management styles in order to create internationally investing confidence. Unlike Rosneft, whose main asset of oil producing is Yuganskneftegaz, which was bought at auction after the seizure of Yukos, ( Peter Fin, â€Å"Russian Oil Firm Buys Mysterious Bid Winner,† Washington Post, December, 23 2004, A01) practically all of NC KMG assets were obtained in a fairly straight forward way. They were either acquired through purchase or by the transfer of a state held license to the company. NC KMG is more likely to become a copy for other post-Soviet NOC than any another company, largely because of its development strategy is both more straight forward looking and better formulated than their counterparts. The declared intention of both Government of Kazakhstan and of KMG is that the company would become a large part of the public Corporation held, with the government ensuring the protection of its interests through the voting of its shares by a larger holding company as a Samruk which means â€Å" Golden Phoenix† if translates from Kazakh to English, which created in 2006. At the moment the relationship between KMG and the government of the Republic is getting quite close, which particularly mean the relationship between the family of President of Kazakhstan , Nursultan Nazarbayev, and the countrys oil industry. Those in key positions throughout the oil industry and government, including the different ministries and executive level positions directly associated with the oil industry, understand the challenge that the reform of the the industry presents. They realize that KMG should be transformed into an independent and transparent company in the remaining years of President Nazarbayev ‘s mandate, which ends in 2013-a company that no longer serves as an indirect instrument foreign policy or as a source of internal corruption. This report will explain that what is KMGs planning strategy, business plans and etc and how they are going to respond to the challenges which occurs in the company. Kazakhstan still confronts the task of creating constant investor confidence. The governments treatment of the international oil companies (IOCs) will partly put pressure to this confidence level. Success will also depend on the evolution of the NC KMG itself, thats mean the company should introduce a total transparency in all its upstream and downstream partner activities and whether it helps foster an atmosphere of competition in the service sectors that are associated with their main operations. The company will have to decide whether to remain a production company, or simply be a stakeholder in every major countrys mining projects, and the main transit partner and a key player in the downstream market of Kazakhstan. Whatever decision the company makes, it is may still have to reduce at least some of its assets, and try to be more focused on the acquisition of assets. Without this it would be difficult to maximize the value of the assets for NC KMG. They should turn the company to be more reliable partner for investors within the country. This requires the realization the process of political reform in Kazakhstan to provide a better expression of rights of investors and better legal protection to respond to situations in which investors believe their rights have been violated. Achieving these objectives will strengthen NC KMGs position in the international oil industry and will help to set competitive advantage over other similar oil companies. ( Available at Baker institute: http://www.bakerinstitute.org/search?SearchableText=noc_kaz_Olcott.pdf ) The Importance Of Planning And Its Process. When planning is done well, it creates a solid platform for the management of other functions which is the organizing the allocating and organizing of resources to perform the tasks; leading-guiding the efforts of human resources to ensure a high level of performance tasks; and control surveillance on the achievements and taking necessary corrective action. The centrality of management planning is important to understand. In todays demanding organization and persuading career environment is essential to stay one step ahead of the competition. This means always striving to be better at what you are doing and be action oriented. The planning Process. In the planning process, objectives identify the specific results or desired outcomes that one intends to achieve. The plan is a statement of action steps to be taken in order to accomplish the objectives. Five steps in the planning process are: 1. Define your objectives: Identify desired outcomes or results in very specific ways. Know where you want to go; be specific enough that you will know you have arrived when you get there, or know how far off the mark you are at various points along the way. 2. Determine where you stand vis-a-vis objectives: Evaluate current accomplishments relative to the desired results. Know where you stand in reaching objectives; know what strengths work in your favour and what weaknesses may hold you back. 3. Develop premises regarding future conditions: Anticipate future events; Generates alternative â€Å"scenarios† for what may happen; identify for each scenario things that may help or hinder progress toward your objectives. 4. Analyze and choose among action alternatives: List and carefully evaluate possible actions. Choose the alternative(s) most likely to accomplish your objectives; describe step-by-step what must be done to follow the chosen course of action. 5. Implement the plan and evaluate results: Take action and carefully measure your progress towards objectives. Do what the plan requires, evaluate results, take corrective action, and revise plans as needed. KazMunaiGazs Origins, Assets And Reserves One thing is certain, the active use of fossil fuels in the country is key to any development strategy. President of the country has taken two use of oil and gas to boost the economy development in two ways, both through the development of a National Fund, which is investing states revenues from oil and gas and other key resources, into a fund that is loosely modeled on national oil fund in Norway. This fund, established in 2001, is currently estimated at 14.1 billion U.S. dollars, and designed to provide long term support for the budget of the Republic of Kazakhstan and compensate irregular income caused by fluctuations in the world oil and gas market The other half of the equation is the conception of a strong national oil and gas company. It is to have a dominant position in the hydrocarbon sector in the country. Because of this, finally , the Joint-Stock Company KazMunaiGaz National Company was founded under Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 811 from February 20, 2002. The opening of the industry of Kazakhstan after independence in 1991 brought many foreign investors who helped buy the industry. These investors signed Production Service Associations (PSA) with NC KMGs predecessor Kazakhoil, but the companies which produces things EMG (EmbaMunaigaz) and UMG (UzenMunaigaz), the main assets of KazMunaiGaz Exploration and Production (KMG E and P), weret transferred to Kazakhoil until 1997. On 16th March, 2004 the company was renamed Joint Stock Company KazMunai Gaz National Company. The company was founded with the goal of comprehensive development oil industry of the Republic to ensure a rational and efficient operation hydrocarbons, which in turn would contribute to social and economic development of Kazakhstan and its successful integration into the world of economy and oil industry. (KazMunaigaz (KMG), â€Å"Company History and Mission,† KazMunaiGaz website, http://www.kmg.kz/main.php?page=inc/postedmid=4showm=3type=men. ) One of the main plans of Government of creation of NC KMG was that creation would help to achieve a variety of strategic objectives including improved financial and economic aspects of the company, moreover , additional to its hydrocarbon reserves and increasing production. The intention was to do so through reducing of costs and increasing cash flow, by increasing the efficiency of capital investment, to increase reserves through the exploration of new blocks for exploration and expansion of existing ones, the maximize their shares in existing companies. They were also to enhance the economic revenues to the Country through large oil and gas projects in which they had a partners, and also through the development of transportation opportunities available to Kazakhstan, and by helping the development of petrochemical companies in Kazakhstan. They were also charged with increasing the number the proportion of domestically produced goods, works and services which is supporting the count rys largest oil and gas projects. Additionally to this they assisted to increase the number of Kazakhstani officials directly involved in these projects. JSC NC KazMunaiGaz is among three largest oil producers in Kazakhstan and has a minority in almost all major projects of oil and gas in the country which controls involvement in most projects initiated since 2000. The company employsover thirty-four thousand employees and reported revenue of $ 4.8 billion dollars in 2005 from its business activities. KMG has got control over twenty-five companies. ( KazMunaiGaz, â€Å"Structure of Assets,† KazMunaiGaz Website, http://www.kmg.kz/index.cfm?tid=22 ) Conclusion The future shape of KMG is obviously unclear, not only for oil analysts industry, but for those working in KMG and the government of Kazakhstan as well. The company still should decide whether to remain a holding company, and even if they do still want to keep the role of operating ones in some projects . They will still have to decide how quickly and how completely sell its stakes in Kazakhstans various oil and gas projects. For the foreseeable future I think it will be difficult to compete with potential foreign investors, because of companys poor technological base and luck of abilities in financial competitiveness of their operations. According to the financial liquidity of the company, there probably will be an argument about reducing their holdings in certain projects. This will provide funds for foreign investments and and downstream, which could provide KMG with long term access to energy assets for the time when domestic production in Kazakhstan begins to decline. The Kazakhstani people seem to believe that moving away from production and draft management will slow capacity building among the Kazakh population and slow the development of auxiliary industries related to fossil fuel development. But the creation National Fund of Kazakhstan is intended in part to support the development of sectors of the economy which is not depend on resource extraction.

Amitraz Poisoning Management | Case Study

Amitraz Poisoning Management | Case Study Title of the article: Amitraz Poisoning – A rare pesticide Poisoning Abstract: Amitraz, an insecticide/acaricide of the formamidine pesticide group, is a alpha 2 adrenergic agonist used to a great extent in veterinary and agricultural products for the treatment of ectoparasitic manifestations. In the current article we report the findings of a case of 22 year old female who consumed about 50 ml Amitraz poison by oral route as a suicidal attempt. On arrival to Emergency Department the patient presented in deep comatose state, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, miosis, hypothermia, and hyperglycemia.she recovered completely within 48 hours with adequate supportive care. The case report throws considerable light on the management of Amitraz poisoning, good prognosis with early recognition, initial stabilisation, reducing absorption, supportive management with Iv fluids, airway management, monitoring urine output and other supportive care, very few cases of intoxications in human beings due to the pesticide have been published in literature It has be come imparative to intruct the pesticide manufacturers to initiate suitable measures to decrease the incidence of Amitraz poisoning by prominent and clear warning labels on the containers and potential hazards of the compound. Key-words: Amitraz; poisoning ; alpha 2 adrenergic agonist; miosis Key Messages [D1]: Introduction Amitraz, a triazapentadiene compound and a member of the amidine chemical family is a formamidine pesticides which is increasingly being used as an insecticide and an acaricide to control animal ectoparasites [1-3]. The formulations available for chemical use contain 12.5-50% in an organic solvent called xylene, which itself is used in plant cleaners and glues[4].Amitraz is a Alpha 2 adrenergic agonist stimulating alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in the Central Nervous System(CNS).and both alpha 1 and alpha 2 adrenergic receptors in the periphery. Poisoning occurs throgh oral, inhalational (the mostpotential), and dermal routes and is accompanied by numerous signs and symptoms varying from CNS depression (drowsiness, coma, and convulsion), to miosis, or rarely, mydriasis, respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypotension, hypothermia or fever, hyperglycemia, polyuria, vomiting, decreased gastrointestinal motility, and intestinal distension [4].Adverse effects and side effects have been re ported in animals exposed to the product : however only few cases of human toxication have been published in Indian literature. we present a young female patient with Amitraz poisoning who was conservatively managed with complete recovery hence significantly contributing to the limited human toxicological data. Case History[D2]: An 22 year old female was brought to our Emergency Department (ED) with a history of suicidal consumption of about 50 ml Amitraz poison eight hours before being brought to our ED, her first symptom had begun about 30 minutes post ingesion and included nausea and vomiting, thus she was taken to a hospital in their locality where intravenous crystalloids were started and referred to our centre. On arrival to our department the patient was deeply comatose with a GCS scale of 4/15. Her pulse rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure and temperature were 50/min, blood pressure was 92/64 mm of Hg, 16/minand 36.8 degree celsius respectively. On examination of CNS her pupil were bilaterally constricted, all four limbs had hypotonia and there was bilateral flexor plantar response. Other systemic examination were normal, there was no exessive oral secretions or any fasciculations.Gastric lavage with activated charcoal was given and patients airway was secured with endotracheal intubation due to l ow GCS.she was then admitted to ICU for further management her lab tests (Complete blood count, serum electrolytes, renal function tests, liver function tests), serum pseudocholinestrase levels, electrocardiography, routine urine tests and chest xray were normal except glucose level of 192 mg/dl.A urine test for drugs of abuse was negative and blood alcohol levels were normal. Ct brain plain was done which was normal.She was treated with supportive care in the ICU with IV Flluids, respiratory and cardiac monitoring, Atropine (once 2mg stat) was adminitered for transient bradycardia.over the next 24 hours she gradually improved and was extubated. Her vitals signs were Heart rate of 70/min and blood pressure was 110/70 mm of Hg. By the following day she was completely concious and was able to answer the question and she was shifted to general ward and was discharged after consultation with a psychiatrist. Discussion: Amitraz is increasingly being used worldwide in veterinary and agricultural products for the treatment of ectoparasitic manifestations. Formamidines show reversible toxic effects on both animals and humans [1]. The present knowledge about Amitraz and Foramine pesticides is usually built on animal studies as the available human intoxication is limited. It can cause poisoning in animals and humans via oral, inhalational or dermal routes. The toxicity from this poisoning can be attributed both Amitraz and the solvent, xylene. Although the ingested dose of Amitraz can not be determined because it is diluted 1 part in 500 before usage. The acute oral medical lethal dose(LD50) for the rats is 800/kg body weight.[3, 4]. The clinical features of this poisoning reported in previous reports include CNS depression, drowsiness, vomiting, miosis, bradycardia, hypotension, and hyperglycemia. The duration of CNS depression has ranged from a few hours to 24 h [4]. CNS symptoms began within 120-180 m inutes and resolved within 12-24 hrs in our case. Sedative effects of ÃŽ ±2-agonists are dose dependent[1]. Coma, absence of light reflex, and respiratory failure are due to the ingestion of greater amounts of amitraz supporting its dose-dependent effects. Our patient was fully conscious after 48hrs. This time has been reported to be 2-48 h in previous reports. The effect of amitraz on ÃŽ ±1– and ÃŽ ±2-receptors causes bradycardia [5]. In addition, literature reported hyperglycemia, hypotension, and bradycardia in amitraz poisoning and attributed them to the alpha-2 adrenoceptor agonist action of amitraz [6]. In our case, bradycardia was also present accompanying with miosis. Co-existence of bradycardia, miosis, and the respiratory depression leads to confusion with organophosphate or opioid poisonings, both of which should be excluded. Using atropine for treatment of bradycardia is controversial. Most studies, however, have reported atropine to resolve both miosis and bradycardia. Atropine is the first line therapy for the bradycardia resulted from vagal stimulation and atrioventricular blocks. Alpha-2 adrenergic drugs can also cause bradycardia by stimulating the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Studies have shown that atropine increases the heart rate and prevents Amitraz induced bradycardia in Animals(2). In our patient atropine was given once with the adult dose. Amitraz and its active metabolites inhibits insulin and stimulate glucagon secretion, hyperglycemia was detected in our case as reported in previous studies by Demirel and colleagues[7] Kalyoncu and colleagues have reported hyponatremia in their three cases[9], Usually BUN, creatinine, serum sodium and potassium do not change with this poisoning, in our case creatinine, serum potassium and sodium were normal. Kalyoncu and associates have reported respiratory alkalosis in two, respiratory acidosis in three and metabolic acidosis in five cases[9], in our patient the analysis of blood gases were normal. Avsarogullari et al reported hyperglycemia and fast deterioration of the patients with amitraz poisoning(within 5 minutes of ingestion of toxin)[8] Whenever a patient presents with bradycardia and miosis, organophosphorus compound poisoning should be considered as a differential diagnosis a along with Amitraz. Other signs and symptoms of organophosphorus compound should be looked for and a cholinesterase level should be done. Amitraz levels in blood was not done because it was unavailable at our institute and other referral laboratories. It is made clear that the basic approach to a patient with amitraz poisoning involves initial stabilisation, reducing absorption and increasing elimination of the toxin. there is no specific antidote[2] medical management involves supportive measures like gastric lavage, activated charcoal administration and securing the airway. Depending on the patients condition additional measures like oxygen supplementation or mechanical ventilation for respiratory depression, atropine for severe bradycardia, intravenous fluids and vasopressors for hypotension, diazepam or lorazepam for seizures. This case report throws considerable light on the management of Amitraz poisoning, good prognosis with early recognition and timely supportive management as the available human toxicological data are limited. When appropriate timely supportive treatment is given, Amitraz intoxication in humans caries a low morbidity and mortality inspite of rapidly progressing and life threatening clinical picture. It has become imperative to instruct the pesticide manufacturers to initiate suitable measures to decrease the incidence of Amitraz poisoning  by placing prominent and clear warning labels on containers. References[D3]: Queiroz-Neto A, Zamur GSC, Carregar O AB, 182 Motoqueiro MI, Harkins JD, Tobin T. Characterization of the 183 antinociceptive and sedative effect of amitraz in horses. J Vet 184 Pharmacol Ther 1998; 21:400-5. 1852. Agin H, Calkavur S, Uzun H, Bak M. Amitraz poisoning: clinical and laboratory findings. Indian Pediatr 2004; 41:482-6. Eizadi-Mood N, Sabzghabaee AM, Gheshlaghi F, Yaraghi A. Amitraz Poisoning Treatment: Still Supportive? Iran J Pharmaceut Res 2011; 10:155-8. Shitole DG, Kulkarni RS, Sathe SS, Rahate PR. Amitraz poisoning-an unusual pesticide poisoning. J Assoc Physicians India 2010; 58:317-9. Jorens PG, Zandijk E, Belmans L, Schepens PJ, Bossaert LL. An unusual poisoning with the unusual pesticide amitraz. Hum Exp Toxicol 1997; 16:600-1. Jones RD. Xylene/amitraz: a pharmacologic review and profile. Vet Hum Toxicol 1990; 32:446-8. Demirel Y, Yilmaz A, Gursoy S, Kaygusuz K, Mimaroglu C. Acute amitraz intoxication: retrospective analysis of 45 cases. Hum Exp Toxicol 2006; 25:613-7. Avsarogullari L, Ikizceli I, Sungur M, Sà ¶zà ¼er E, Akdur O, Yà ¼cei M. Acute amitraz poisoning in adults: clinical features, laboratory findings, and management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2006; 44:19-23. Kalyoncu M, Dilber E, Okten A. Amitraz intoxication in children in the rural Black Sea region: analysis of forty-three patients. Hum Exp Toxicol 2002; 21:269-72. [D1]1 Provide appropriate messages of about 35-50 words to be printed in centre box [D2]1 Include the tables/charts at appropriate places in the text it self. Do not include images in the text. Mark the point of insertion of images (e.g. Figure 1) along with the legends. Send the images separately as jpeg files (not larger than 100 kb each) [D3]1 Follow the punctuation marks carefully. Do not include unnecessary bibliographic elements such as issue number, month of publication, etc. Include names of six authors followed by et al if there are more than six authors.

Chaucers Canterbury Tales Essay -- Philosophy Literature Papers

Chaucer's Canterbury Tales After reading explications of Chaucer's Canterbury Tales, a student is likely to come away with the impression that the Franklin is the critics favorite punching bag. To the average reader in the modern English-speaking world, the Franklin comes across as surprisingly fair-minded and level-headed, noteworthy as the man kind and inventive enough to resolve the marriage cycle with a tale of decency and openness. The critics, however, often depict the Franklin as a man primarily concerned with upward mobility, finding in his tale a number of remarks intended to win over the nobility and subtly assert his own claim to a kind of nobility. The contrast between the fawning Franklin of certain critical approaches and the open-minded Franklin of the more pedestrian reader can probably be summed up in the word "bourgeois." Some critics find in the Franklin a good example of the less flattering qualities of the word, while modern American readers -- products of a society in which the bourgeois lifestyle is considered the norm -- tend to find in the Franklin an intelligence, style and tolerance often associated with the upwardly mobile or the middle class. His "everybody wins" approach to the problems of the romance might even be an example of what Marxists and anarchists used to decry as bourgeois liberalism. It might be best to first clear up what exactly is meant when we speak of a Marxist critique. Marxist literary criticism is based largely on the Marxist paradigm of historical materialism: the idea that social and cultural institutions -- including art -- are the product of prevailing economic conditions (Murfin 157-158). Not only is the medium the message, Marxists argue, the medium is a commodity which... ...served. Here, whether he likes it or not, the Franklin is forced to endorse the system of contracts which turns Dorigen into a commodity. The success of his story, and possibly the validity of the worldview which produces it, depends on the Franklin's ability to postpone the expression of his listeners doubts -- to postpone them indefinitely, if need be. Perhaps this is why the Franklin is so insistent, at tales end, on asking which character was most generous, and why he insists on hearing answers immediately. His tale of the elimination of maistrye has turned into a tale of people mastered not by each other but by a system of exchange. The best way to hide the maistrye of the marketplace is to offer the audience a chance to argue while directing them away from the shocking moment when the gentillesse of the marketplace tramples on free will and personal integrity.

Catherine and Heathcliff in Wuthering Heights :: essays research papers

With the death of Catherine, the reader is inclined to examine the causes. Cathy herself states that Edgar Linton and Heathcliff are the direct causes, and it is quite the possibility. Finally culminating in one rather brief, yet powerful confrontation, the clashing of Edgar and Heathcliff has been an issue between the two families ever since the day that Cathy and Heathcliff went playing in the moors and got caught at the Linton’s house. Calling him a gypsy and servant, Edgar Linton was disgraced by his presence. Then later, for that scoundrel to be the one that Cathy truly loves? It was just too much for Edgar. The hatred grew and grew. When Heathcliff left, Edgar was at ease. He had Cathy, she had forgotten (or so he thought) about Heathcliff, and all was happy and merry at Thrushcross Grange. Then Heathcliff returned. While his motivations for leaving were good and heartfelt, his return was almost cruel for our ‘princess’ Cathy. She was so used to having ever ything that she could want, that she thought she could have them both. But Edgar stepped in. He finally stood up for himself and told Heathcliff never to return to Thrushcross Grange. It’s hard not to choose a side here, but it’s also hard to choose a side. For one, we see this beautiful, happy couple, raised together as children, and soul mates from the very beginning. One is made to be of lower class, and the other is made to be higher class. This difference provides a simple yet strong social barrier. When the two have to split, when Cathy is forced to make a decision (one which, unfortunately for Heathcliff, she has already made) the two split, and I, as a reader, am forced to choose whose side I’m on. In a novel such as this there is no right and wrong, only the lesser of two evils. Here, I have come to believe that the lesser evil is Edgar. I began to feel sorry for him, having lost both his sister and his wife to Heathcliff, whom he despises and sees as under him on the social ladder. Even though he himself has done things that cannot be right in any sort of way, we know that he truly cares for Catherine. He tolerates her moods and her tantrums, and he provides her with things that she wouldn’t have been able to get at

Movie Review of Maria Full of Grace and De Nadie Essay

Maria Full of Grace is a film by Joshua Marston revealing drug trafficking world. The desperation of people sue to poverty is depicted well in this movie Columbian drug lords use mules to transport cocaine to the U. S. Mules are actually humans used to carry drugs to be transported to other countries without being detected. The mechanism is through the ingestion of capsules containing the product and stores it in the mule’s stomach, after which it will be expelled. Many people are attracted to this type of job because the drug lords will try to convince you that the job is easy plus it involves a large amount of money in exchange of your service to them. However, if any of the drug products was lost during the transport, you will have to deal with the brutal consequences and it means exchange of your life or your family’s life as the mules are no more important as any other plastic containers (Berardinelli, 2004, p. n. pag. ). Maria, performed by Catalina Sandino Moreno is a 17-year old young girl who hates her job as a â€Å"de-thorner† in a factory. Her family that includes her mother, grandmother, and unmarried sister however relies on Maria’s salary to survive. Maria then quits her lifeless job and finds out that she is pregnant but her boyfriend refuses to marry her. After this devastating event of her life, she accepted the offer a man gave her to be a mule of the Columbian-New York run. Together with two young girls Blanca (Yenny Paola Vega), and Lucy (Guilied Lopez), Maria thought the job was easy and was blinded by the money she will earn in this type of job. In addition, Lucy grabs the opportunity to go to New York to reunite with her sister. The three girls were not forced to be in this kind of business; they chose their own path because of their greed and need for money. They thought of United States as their only way out of poverty especially Maria as she prepares herself for her unborn unwanted child (Berardinelli, 2004, p. n. pag. ). The dramatization built by Marston in the film is flawless as he developed each character. The story is very moving as it is very realistic because of the increasing poverty in third-world countries. Moreno gives a memorable performance as she flawlessly portrayed Maria as a hopeless, desperate and selfish girl who greed for money (Berardinelli, 2004, p. n. pag. ). De Nadie Another documentary film showing the desperation of people driven by poverty is De Nadie. This film directed by Tim Dirdamal brings us to the world of migrants from South America looking for a way to enter North America. They believe that migration to the United States is the only way to get rid of poverty. However, their search for a route is often illegal and migrates from the Central America who initially has to cross Mexico before going to United States are given less attention (Coupeau, 2006, p. n. pag. ). The process of migration is by a fast moving cargo train crossing the Mexican territory. However, many aspiring migrants die or amputated as they fall and pushed off the fast moving train. This unimaginable risk is taken by those people as a solution to their miserable poor life. Se Maria, a Honduran migrant whose life was changed after seeking help in the hands of a group of Mexican nuns who conducted a fund raising activity using raffle draws. Madres de la Patrona gave food to the immigrants taking risks to enter United States (Coupeau, 2006, p. n. pag. ). . Compare and Contrast Both films are political as they expose the desperation of many people in order to escape poverty. The directors are not biased in their portrayal of poverty and the hopelessness and greed of people for money. Also, the aspiration of many people from all countries to go to United States is because of their belief that when you go to U. S, poverty will go away. What they don’t know is due to global crisis, many people in the U. S are now unemployed and also experiencing financial problems. Both Maria Full of Grace and De Navie showed that people’s principles are easily swayed when money is involved. The natural greed of humans to money made the characters Maria, Blanca and Lucy of Maria Full of Grace and Maria of De Navierisk their lives. They took what they though the one chance that will get them out of their miserable lives. Also, both are very realistic films since it cannot be denied that drug trafficking and illegal immigrations are two of the most known illegitimate money-making businesses. Both films showed that no one is to be blamed other than yourself because it was shown in both movies that no one forced the characters to enter drug trafficking and illegal immigration. Although they are both victims of poverty, they are not innocent victims of drug trafficking and illegal immigration. I find Maria Full of Grace more moving than De Navie since more lives are ruined in drug trafficking than in illegal immigration. Drug trafficking is a more serious problem in that the mules that act as carriers of drugs doesn’t realize that they are tolerating the business that ruins many lives and families. Bibliography Berardinelli, J. (2004). Maria Full of Grace. Retrieved May 2, 2010, from http://www. reelviews. net/movies/m/maria_full. html Coupeau, D. S. (2006, August 2006). Alterinfos America Latina. Retrieved May 2, 2010, from http://www. alterinfos. org/spip. php? article465

Blue Cross

When several Blue Cross Blue Shield programs in upstate New York merged, each organization brought its own business processes and IT systems to the new entity. Because they were so different, yet had to be consolidated, the new entity, Excellus Blue Cross Blue Shield, wanted to first implement a strong business analysis process to clearly identify company functions and processes. They wanted to be able to inventory and visualize their current state architecture in support of system modernization and SOA efforts. Problem Excellus Blue Cross Blue Shield is part of a $4 billion family of companies that finances and delivers health care services across upstate New York, including the major cities of Syracuse, Elmira, Rochester, Utica, and Buffalo. As New York State’s largest nonprofit health plan, the organization provides health insurance to more than 2 million people, and employs more than 6,000 New Yorkers. It is the result of a merger of several health organizations serving upstate New York. Following the merger, Excellus found that there were few enterprise architecture (EA) standards embraced by all of the previously independent entities. The company formed a group within the IT department to focus on EA as it consolidated business and IT systems and reduced the amount of technical diversity within the organization. With multiple platforms and environments, it was extremely challenging to create smoothly running, cohesive business procedures, without a clear understanding of what processes and systems were serving each organization. Many of these legacy systems, some in place for 30+ years, didn’t have adequate documentation, so there were parts of the systems that were completely unknown. â€Å"Before making sweeping policy or platform decisions, we recognized the importance of identifying all company functions and the processes used to implement them,† explained Eric Stephens, enterprise architect, Enterprise Architecture and Integration Team at Excellus. â€Å"This was the first step in our effort to reduce duplicate processes that were a normal result of the merger. We had to develop single systems for claims processing, provider contracting, member registration, and more, but could not do that until we fully understood and mapped the existing processes. † Excellus recognized that a key success factor would be a service-oriented architecture (SOA) approach, offering the ability to devise flexible architectures that rely on smaller parts (services), rather than larger monolithic solutions. Being able to implement the architecture in parts gives the company more choices (buy vs. uild) and allows for variation in particular components to adapt to a shifting market demand for products. It was clear that going forward with big systems implementations would drive both risks and financial resources to unacceptable levels. In addition, the organization established a goal of standardizing practices so that customers and others outside the organization would feel like they were dealing with a single company, rather than multiple entities in a loose federation.

History of Personal Computers

History of the Personal Computer Introduction: The history of the personal computer is vast and complex. As computers continue to develop, each development brings greater opportunities and challenges to the world of computing. ————————————————- Learn how it all started and where it has led to in today’s world. Quiz 1. The first accurate mechanical calculator was invented in 1642 by __________. a. Charles Babbage b. Blaise Pascal c. Joseph Marie Jacquard d. Herman Hollerith 2. In 1993, the invention of which browser allowed Internet users to view multimedia files? e. Netscape Navigator . Internet Explorer g. Opera h. Mosaic 3. In 1975, Popular Electronics magazine advertised the __________ as the first computer available for personal use. i. Altair j. Apple Lisa k. IBM l. ENIAC 4. The principal features of the graphical user interface were developed by __________. m. Apple n. Microsoft o. Lotus p. Xerox 5. The __________, which can alter its electric state between on and off, is the basic building block for computer circuitry. q. Processor r. Circuit s. Transistor t. Microprocessor 6. Released in 1979, the first word processing application for personal computers was __________. . Word v. WordAssistant w. WordPerfect x. WordStar 7. Built in 1939, the __________ computer was the first to use vacuum tubes instead of mechanical switches to store binary data. y. ENIAC z. Altair {. Atanasoff-Berry |. IBM 8. Which computer was the first to use magnetic storage tape instead of punched cards? }. UNIVAC ~. ENIAC . Altair . ADA 9. The __________ is considered to be the first successful high-speed electronic digital computer. . Hollerith tabulating machine . Jacquard loom . ENIAC . Pascaline calculator 10. Who is considered the first computer programmer? Charles Babbage . Herman Hollerith . Grace Hopper . Ada Lovelace Projects Interviews Task: Interview pe ople of varying ages to find out how computers were used when they were in their childhood. Assignment: Interview four people of varying age ranges to find out how computers were used when they were in their childhood. Write a summary of how computers were used during their childhood. History of the Computer Task: View the history of the computer. Assignment: Visit www. pbs. org/nerds/timeline and view the history of the computer.Write a short description of the events during each of the following phases. 1. Prehistory 2. Electronics 3. Mini 4. Micro 5. Network The 1952 Presidential Election Task: We trust our lives to computers. They control planes in flight, calculate our payrolls, and monitor vital hospital equipment. It was not always this way, though. Let’s look at a computer’s role in predicting the 1952 presidential election. Assignment: Visit www. wired. com/science/discoveries/news/2008/11/dayintech_1104 to see what trust was placed in an early computer. 1. Wh at computer was used to predict the 1952 election? 2.Which network used the computer during a live broadcast of the election results? 3. Although the broadcast was from New York City, where was the computer located? 4. Who was predicted by preelection polls to be the winner? 5. Who did the computer predict the winner to be? 6. What were the numbers of electoral votes predicted to be? 7. What were the odds that this candidate would have even the minimum 266 electoral votes to win? 8. How did the news department respond to this information? 9. What were the final electoral vote counts, and what was the percentage of error from the initial prediction?

Legalizing Abortion

Topic: Abortion Question: Should abortion be legalized in East Africa? Claim: Yes, abortion should be legalized in East Africa. Outline: I. Introduction A. Definition of the term B. Historical background II. Reasons A. Abortion helps in stability and minimizing the effects of poverty in a family. B. It helps in controlling the population of a country. C. It helps in preventing the deaths of women caused by illegal abortion. III. Unstated assumption: It is good to have a decrease in population because when population of a country increases, it may lead to decrease in the national income and economic growth, and increase in unemployment.IV. Opposing views A. Choosing adoption as an alternative to abortion. B. Abortion can lead to a decrease in population which may endanger the economy of a country. C. Legalizing abortion does not guarantee the survival of the woman after abortion. V. Responding to opposing view A. In Kenya, adoption in Kenya has a long process and restrictions. B. A de crease in population is also a positive impact to the country. C. Legalizing abortion reduces the unsafe abortions hence, gives hope to the woman aborting. VI. Conclusion A. Summary of pointsB. Recommendations Abortion Abortion can be defined as ending of pregnancy or termination of pregnancy by choice or one that happens accidentally in case of miscarriage. The pregnancy is removed from the womb, either by taking pills which involves taking medicines to cause miscarriage or by surgery. In East Africa abortion is common and is almost always illegal and unsafe. Even though induced abortion is highly restricted in most of Eastern Africa, an estimated 2. 4 million unsafe induced abortion occurred in the region in 2008.Nearly one in five maternal deaths can be attributed to unsafe abortion and more than 500 women die per 100,000 unsafe abortions. If compared with United State, where abortion is legal and safe the case fatality ratio is 0. 6 deaths per 100,000 abortions (Hussain, 2012). Hence, legalizing abortion will reduce unsafe abortions and the expense of the procedure. Abortion helps in stability and minimizing the effects of poverty in a family. Most of these abortions results from unwanted pregnancy, hence the family or the woman is unable to support the child decides to do abortion.Because a child needs a lot of care and support therefore money is involved. And this will help in minimizing the effect of poverty that would have likely occur if the fetus was kept. Abortion helps in controlling the population of a country. Kenya is among the under developed countries. This means there are fewer resources compared to the number people in the country. There abortions help in decreasing the population of the country which reduces the dependency ratio in the country and increase employment.It is good to have a decrease in population because when population of a country increases, it may lead to decrease in the national income and economic growth, and increase in unemployment. Abortion helps in preventing the deaths of women caused by illegal abortion. Most of the abortions performed in Kenya are unsafe due to lack of proper professional performing the abortion or lack of proper environment including equipments and surrounding where the abortion is being performed. Hence, endangers the health of the mother. I agree that women should choose adoption as an alternative to abortion.The woman should give the child away to a needy family which lacks children instead of aborting. But that is not likely to happen in a country like Kenya. It’s because childless families most of the time takes the children of their relatives to take care of. And also Kenya adoption process is very long and the court is the only legal body that approves the adoption. I concede that abortion can lead to a decrease in population which may endanger the economy of a country. A country like Kenya is still growing hence needs human labor. Decrease in population may le ad to decrease of the countries performance.However, a decrease in population is also a positive impact to the country. Because it will lead to increase in employment which will lead to an increase in the country’s Gross domestic product (GDP) and also leads to an increase in living standard of people. While it is true that legalizing abortion does not guarantee the survival of the woman after abortion. This is because the chances of surviving the abortion is 0. 6 per 100,000 people but legalizing abortion reduces the unsafe abortions hence, gives hope to the woman aborting.When abortion is legalized even the big hospitals will offer the services which are better compared to these illegal and dirty places where most of the abortions are performed. Abortion therefore helps in stability and minimizing the effects of poverty in a family, it helps in controlling the population of a country, and it helps in preventing the deaths of women caused by illegal abortion. However, the go vernment of Kenya should limit the number of abortion to be done per woman and this should not imply in miscarriages.

Finance and Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Finance and Accounting - Essay Example The studies referring this approach view beliefs for Service Level Agreement (SLA) indicating the future behaviour of the students as well as effective learners. The study related to normative approach enables to provide a description along with classification of the types of beliefs related to SLA (Holliday, 1994). The normative approach comprises studies which include beliefs, methodologies, and relationship among actions along with their advantages and disadvantages (Kalaja & Barcelos, 2006). The normative approach can be beneficial to accounting as a new diversified research approach emerges with the approach, which would enhance the position of accounting research along with accounting theory (Coetsee, 2010). However, the normative approach disappoints to illuminate credible understandings regarding problems related to accounting practices for social and economic factors. It is also concerned with the development of normative theories which impose standards based on theories rel ated to quality information and relevant information about the consequences of conventional accounting system. It also reflects certain facts related to inefficiency of comparability among various financial statements due to a variety of alternative rules related to accounting. Moreover, normative accounting theories replicate various actions and processes that are approved by accountants in order to accomplish the desired goals or objectives (Banerjee, 2010). A positive approach can be defined as a determinant through which critical situations or crisis circumstances can be ignored by driving the opportunities to an expected higher level. The positive approach can also be determined through a positive drive. Positive approach also promotes the failure and success of an organisation as well (Barber, 2011). The role of accounting in positive approach can be described with respect to accounting aspects, role of accountant and impact of accounting on resources as well as people. Moreov er, the approach is structured on the basis of proposition for regulators, shareholders and managers for maximising the utility. The approach is completely opposite to normative approach (Womlib, 2001). Part B Literature Review According to the observation of Belkaoui (2004), in the context of normative approach, it can be stated that accounting in relation to descriptive approach can be critically evaluated through normative methodology. Normative accounting theory justifies what should to be done rather than what it is. It can be viewed that in the professional field of accounting, a belief is widely apprehended that accounting is considered as an art which is not formalised. Furthermore, it also entails methodologies used in traditional aspects that can be considered in the establishment of accounting theory. It also justifies these facts that by coding of accounting practices. Moreover, in the context of oversimplifying, the complex nature of accounting phenomena and issues can be identified which are essentially required in order for formulating accounting theory. The methodology of normative approach can be considered in order to validate a few of the accounting practices that are required to be approved. It can be stated that among the studies provided in normative approach, Moonitz and Sprouse deserve special mention. Normative accounting theory emphasises on reference theory, thus enabling an appropriate way of making the prediction of various accounting phenomena, along with evaluating interactions amid accounting variables in the