Diversity at NIH Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Diversity at NIH - Research Paper Example It will also seek to establish the results of diversity’s role in the general performance of the company. Diversity is a difference whereby people’s differences can be many and variable. In addition, diversity can refer to people’s commitment to recognize other’s ability and appreciate their unique characteristics within an environment that promotes and celebrates both personal and collective achievements within an organization. Factors determining diversity can from race to culture to religion and even marital status. NIH is the America’s National Institute of Health agency charged with the responsibility of carrying out research related to biomedical and health services. This agency is has two parts. The first one is the NIH Extramural Research Program that takes care of all biomedical research funding outside the agency. The other one is the NIH Intramural Research Program whose responsibility is to carry out internal research for NIH (Alving, 20 09). Many due to its synergistic approach towards biomedical research best know this agency. As elaborated, diversity strategy enables a company define its mission. NIH has a mission who vision is to envision a world where mental illnesses are preventable and curable. This can happen through transformation of understanding and treatment of mentally related illnesses via basic clinical researches that can easily pave way for prevention, cure, and recovery. According to NIH, United States of America has a remarkable diversity that presents the greatest strength that this country has compared to all other nations of the world. At NIH, people believe that workers’ varied backgrounds and experiences act as an extraordinary resource that has potential that can NIH realize only through full talent engagement. In addition, NIH points out that it can also realize benefits of diversity through intelligence and subsequent drive of its members regardless of their ethnicity, race, economi c, or cultural background (Rose & Cohrssen, 2010). Generally, there is need to engage diversity as a strategic measure of realizing NIH’s goals and objectives due to diversity’s ability to generate an integrated working environment aimed at achieving success. To begin with, NIH’s power of diversity as a strategic tool in achieving the company’s mission is highlighted by the solutions it provided for societal problems. Diversity at NIH brought about increased relative proportion of both racial and ethnic minorities in the America’s population. Additionally, analysts project that, by 2020, almost 40 percent of United States’ population will be minorities. Therefore, NIH finds it crucial to recruit people of divergent backgrounds and ethnicities who are necessary for researching on the nervous system since it draws a wide range of expertise that ranges from multiple scientific and academe disciplines. While in the same line of research, diversi ty also provides expertise vital for computation and engineering of collected data as well as molecular, cell, and biological systems expertise that are essential in analysis of social science and clinical medicine. Diversity makes it possible and easier for bringing these experts essential for seeking to understand and ameliorate the main burdens associated with neurological diseases. With reference to NIH

Servicing customers in Global market Essay Example for Free

Servicing customers in Global market Essay Servicing customers in Global market Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing communications are the channels used by businesses in the endeavor of persuading, informing and reminding clients about their brands that they sell. Firms can use different promotional tools to reach clients either directly or indirectly. Marketing communication can involve non-personal or personal communication channels. Marketing communication enables firms to acquire new clients for their products by encouraging trial and building awareness. It also enables them retain their clients by supporting their purchase activities by offering supplementary information regarding brand benefits. The rationale of this paper is to compare and contrast different tools of communication and how they use consumer behavior theory successfully to achieve their objectives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several items of communication such as website, TV advert, poster, direct mail brochure, billboard and magazine advert. I will focus on television advertising and web marketing. Website is very vital firms marketing policy. Websites help clients to find firms and advertisers brands from those firms. Marketing through website will enable firms to improve their customer care through e-commerce website. Website is a medium where many customers spend a lot of time especially due to technology advancement. Through websites, firms can reach national and international clients in a cost effective manner (Juon Buerkle, 2011). On the other hand, television advertising is another effective tool in a firm’s marketing strategy. Television is a medium where clients spend most considerate time. Report indicates that the average television viewing lasts for about five to six hours. This elaborates why it is used as a gigantic advertiseme nt instrument.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Television is a significant marketing tool because it offers the greatest possibility for creative advertising. Web advertising and television advertising has a lot of similarities in common, and they also share some differences. They are the marketing strategies that a firm can use to reach large audiences, low cost of advertising, and it is easy to reach a targeted audience through these two approaches. Website advertising is less expensive as compared to television advertisements. In addition, websites can be created with the aim of targeting a particular audience than TV commercials. The two items of marketing are effective, but the one that best fits a given firm will rely on their goals and target market. Firms can also use more than one items of marketing since they support each other. I chose these two items of marketing because they are a giant in advertising media and also giant in advertising costs as well. They have proven thei r capacity to control human activities over and over. Television advertising is mostly used in outbound marketing where firms direct marketing activities at the client. On the other hand, websites are used in inbound marketing where clients search for brands that can meet their needs (Carroll, 2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Firms place their marketing in websites so that clients can find out more regarding brands and services. Website advertising has more flexibility as compared to TV commercials. Television advertising has one objective of convincing clients to buy products, but websites can help firms to reach clients easily as they enjoy other entertaining and educational services. The crucial message to the advertisers willing to use website and television advertising is that they should choose the strategy that matches their goals and their target market. Both website and television advertising are crucial to the firms, and they can be used interchangeably. In other instances, either of the items can help and support other digital strategies used by a firm (Percy, 2008).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very vital for firms to understand their customers’ psychology so that they can be able to come up with appropriate strategies that will help them realize their objectives. Consumer behavior is the conduct of clients in regard to using, disposing and acquiring services, experiences, ideas, and products. Consumer behavior also includes use and acquisition of information. Therefore, communication with clients and getting response for them is a vital part of consumer behavior which is every firm’s greatest interest. Consumer psychology is the study of client’s mental processes and behavior. Understanding of theories of customer psychology will help businesses to learn different types of customers. There are various reasons as to why businesses should understand customers. First, customer behavior is very crucial in daily living because people mostly spend a lot of time shopping. Secondly, consumer behavior is signif icant in decision making. For example, while setting prices, firms must consider their clients. In other cases, business decisions might be influenced by expected actions or behavior (Hoyer MacInnis, 2010). Application of consumer behavior   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consumer behavior research can help firms increase their success rate because they will understand their customer’s needs that will enable them to realize profits. Understanding customer behavior will enable businesses to evaluate their strategies because they will be able to understand customer feedback regarding their latest products and services (Hoyer MacInnis, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marketing application areas of consumer behavior is in; market-opportunity analysis where the firm examine conditions and trends in the marketplace to discover client needs that are not being fully fulfilled. Target market selection is whereby firms wish to discover different groupings of consumers who have exceptional needs. It also involves the assortment of sections that merges firm’s potency and offer enhanced opportunities. The third area of application is marketing-mix determination. It involves creation and implementation a strategy that will ensure delivery of an appropriate combination of need-satisfying characteristics to clients within the target market. Marketing mix involves price, place, promotion and product. Understanding of customer behavior is also required in tactical marketing operations. Successful regulatory strategy in regard of marketing practices calls for an extensive knowledge of consumer behavior.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Social marketing also calls for an extensive understanding of customer behavior. Social marketing is where firms apply marketing tactics and strategies to create or alter behaviors that have constructive impact to the target audience or the society in general. Social marketing through websites and television is conducted in endeavors of encouraging environmental friendly behaviors, reduce smoking, encourage timely vaccination of children, reduce activities likely to cause AIDS, reduce substance abuse, encourage charitable organizations among other substantial activities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Personality is a factor that affects people’s feedback regarding advertisements. It can also happen the other way round where messages from marketing can affect people’s attitudes. Behavioral approach is a strategy which focuses on the measurable and observable features of human conduct. Human behavior can only be analyzed through their reaction, actions and how they conduct themselves. Behavioral approach maintains that personal behavior is affected by their environment. Cognitive behavior assumes that if researchers wish to understand human conduct, they should focus on the internal processes of their mind. Cognitive approach examine how people treat the information they receive and how their treatment result to feedbacks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In determining which item to apply for marketing, firms will apply behavioral approach where they will analyze how clients think about either television advertisement or websites. On the other hand, firms will apply cognitive approach while determining how clients will react when they receive messages through television or websites (McLeod, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, there are several items of marketing communication such as website, television advertising, billboard, poster, magazine advert and direst mail brochure. Television advertising is habitually used in outbound marketing where businesses direct marketing activities at the client. On the other hand, websites are commonly used in inbound marketing where clients search for brands that can meet their needs. These two items are very vital in marketing strategy of a firm since they will reach a great number of their target audience at lower cost. Firms should understand customer behavior which will enable them to choose the marketing tool that will fit their customer’s needs. Through appropriate marketing, firms will be able to retain customers, attract new customers by notifying them with the latest information regarding their brands. Firms can also choose to use various items of marketing communication since they help and sup port other marketing mix strategies. There are two approaches in analysis of consumer behavior; behavioral approach and cognitive approach. References Behavioral Approach Behavioral Psychology Psychologist World. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.psychologistworld.com/issues/behavioralapproach.php Carroll,  J. (2006). Television. Farmington Hills, MI: Greenhaven Press. Cognitive Approach | Simply Psychology. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive.html Hoyer,  W.  D., MacInnis,  D.  J. (2010). Consumer behavior. U.st: South-Western Centage Learning. Juon,  C., Greiling,  D., Buerkle,  C. (2011). Internet marketing, start-to-finish. Indianapolis, IN: Que. Percy,  L. (2008). Strategic integrated marketing communication: Theory and practice. Amsterdam: Butterworth-Heinemann. Source document

Essay --

The purpose that this paper serves is to analyze and incorporate the conclusions of four articles and examine the link between extracurricular activities and self-esteem in adolescents. The article is broken into four separate sections. First, the definitions of both the independent variable and the dependent variable will be identified and the hypothesis will be stated. Next, the findings from the four articles will be thoroughly summarized. Third, the findings from the articles will be incorporated into the paper with potential sources for the results. Lastly, the strengths, limitations, and recommendations for possible research in the future of each article will be offered. Following the paper I will present my personal reflection of the research and transcription of this paper. The independent variable is the involvement in extracurricular activities and the dependent variable is the self-perception. Kort-Butler, and Hagewen (2010) examined the relationship between the involvement in extracurricular activities of adolescents and self-esteem in early adulthood. The study included 3 times with roughly 1-2 years between times 1 and 2, and 5-6 years between times 2 and 3 each. After all three trials the sample consisted of 5,399 individuals (47.8% male). During the first time period the mean age was 15.47 years old, while the age during the final time was roughly 26 years old. With 5,399 individuals with 3 visits each, there were a total of 16,197 visits. They studied the effects of linear age on self-esteem. This was assessed by the response of each individual to 4 questions. The same 4 questions were given at each of the three time periods. School-based extracurricular involvement was assessed by a questionnaire during t... ... events or extracurricular activities that are being assessed. I learned a great deal about research and writing during this paper. Being thorough in your research is key. Researchers use many different titles for the same topic and you may not find an article that would be perfect for your paper if you don’t type in all of the different potential key words. I also learned a lot about gender differences with regard to the topic. Boys and girls have very different views about what factors contribute to their self-perception. Lastly, the results sections in these articles were quite confusing and could easily be misread. It is important to carefully read and reread each section. These articles taught me that it is important that adolescent children are involved in sports or extracurricular activities in order to provide them with a better perception of themself.

Case Analysis: Ford Corporation

Case Analysis: Ford Motor Company Global Strategic Management March 4, 2013 Ford Motor Company: Organization Profile Ford Motor Company Staying â€Å"Ford Tough† Henry Ford established the auto company in June 16, 1903. An engineer by formation, Henry had a vision of making vehicles that would change society. He wanted to offer an affordable product to the public, one that his own workers could buy. His vision took him to model T in 1908, and to improve the manufacturing process with the conveyor belt at Ford’s Highland plant.The manufacturing capabilities kept on improving and in 1917 he built the Rouge plant that put the whole operation, from the raw material, to the final product, under the same roof. In 1915 Henry Ford’s son, Edsel Ford joined his father in the company. Edsel brought to the company the desire of making a product not only functional, but stylish and beautiful. Ford became entirely family owned in 1919 when Henry, his wife Clara, and Edsel boug ht the outstanding shares for $105,820,894 (Chapman, pp. 128) . The company would hold to this status until 1956 when the company would allow outsiders to buy shares.For many years the image of the company was the same as its leadership. Henry Ford passed the presidency to Edsel Ford in 1919. Henry Ford reassumed the leadership after the death of Edsel in 1943. After Henry Ford resigned, Henry Ford II assumed the presidency. The company inherited by Henry Ford II was not the same. Ford had fallen behind General Motor (GM) and Chrysler. Henry Ford II knew he had to regain terrain, so he contracted the Whiz Kids (a group of former US Army Air Force officers), and created a â€Å"sophisticated management system including accounting and financial controls† (Chapman, pp. 28). With the finance side in check, Ford gained increased its position, and became the number 2 car company in 1950. Ford products were not fuel efficient, and when the gas prices rose in the 70s because of the O PEC embargo, Ford lost many consumers. The company responded by closing plants and cutting jobs. After the storm, the sun came out in the late 80s with the launch of Ford Taurus and Mercury Ford was on the top of the game once again. The desire to diversify made Ford buy other brands and include it in its family such as: Jaguar, Aston Martin, Land Rover and Volvo.Bill Ford assumed the presidency of the company in 2001. It was the first time in 20 years that the head of the company was a member of the Ford family. Bill Ford drove the company through one of the worst times in history for the company: right after the extensive (and expensive) Firestone tires recall, and the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001. Bill Ford went to ups and downs during his presidency. He saw sales improving slowly from 2001 to 2006, but the increasing competition from foreign brands such as Toyota, Nissan and Honda made him realize that he needed help taking the company to the next level.Alan Mulally b ecame the new CEO in 2006. He was a new face in the auto industry, coming from Boeing Corporation instead from inside Ford or from another auto company. Mulally â€Å"demonstrated leadership skills Henry Ford had established many years ago. † Mulally brought to the company new energy, and a brave new plan. His most risky decision proved to pay off in the end. He decided to raise money by mortgaging almost all of Ford’s assets including the brand. His audacity put Ford as the most trustworthy American company. The money raised by Mulally helped keep Ford out of the government bailout of 2009.Ford Motor Company: The Problem(s) Ford has been a pioneer in the auto industry but it still faces a lot of problems to make it the number one in the industry. The increasing competition from other car companies to creatively and efficiently attract and retain customers made it difficult to gain the number one position. The economic crisis also made it hard to sell new vehicles. The quality of Ford vehicles have also gone down compared to what it was before. The slow reaction to change in consumer taste made Ford lag behind its main competitors.It was also late in expanding in international market and opportunities were lost to other brands. Ford Motor Company: SWOT Analysis Strengths One of Ford’s biggest strengths is its leadership. Since Henry Ford founded the company, the leadership has been proven to help the company throughout difficult times. Every leader brought to the company a new idea. Henry Ford wanted the company to produce an affordable product. His successor, Edsel showed that innovation is always necessary in this industry. Edsel wanted stylish and beautiful vehicles to carry the Ford brand. Henry Ford II with he help of the Whiz Kids developed a â€Å"sophisticated management system† what helped the company after World War II. He also â€Å"revitalized Ford with modern engineering, manufacturing, assembly, and distribution facil ities in the US and 22 foreign countries† (Chapman, pp. 128). The strong and visionary leadership style of Henry Ford was shared by many other leaders of Ford. The new generation, Bill Ford and Alan Mulally also presented the traits of a Ford leader. Bill by navigating Ford throughout harsh times, and for seeing that the company needed a change, a fresh start.He then passed the leadership of the company to Alan Mulally who proved to be exactly what the company needed. Mulally discovered that Ford lacked â€Å"global synergy,† he was surprised by the way that Ford was operating its brands. He saw that the company did not have central control, it took him a while to find out what was really happening inside the company. He also made really tough financial decisions, and reorganized the amount of brands and models offered by Ford. â€Å"With his leadership and conviction, Ford Motor Company stood apart from its competitors by standing on its two feet† (Chapman, pp. 33). Ford’s reputation is also an incredible strength for the company. Ford is seen as a family company. Henry Ford wants the employees to be able to buy cars, increased their wages, and was interested in sharing a piece of his family with others. Weaknesses Ford has proven to be slow to respond to changes in the environment and consumer tastes. They felt that they â€Å"got it,† and felt comfortable with it. Since the beginning of Ford, with a delay to offer cars in other colors than black, they experience a tardiness to respond to changes.One example was the excessive attention to SUVs and other gas inefficient cars when the gas prices spiked. When consumers were looking for alternatives to the gas drinking vehicles, Ford was fully producing SUV’s. Although SUV’s are Ford bestselling product, the fact that they were slow to make them more efficient or give costumers other styles to choose from, made Ford to lose market share to other automakers. Ford al so lost terrain when they did not address earlier the ecofriendly trend. Toyota had the Prius which did not have much of a competition until recently.Currently, Ford has â€Å"12 vehicles with best in class fuel economy and 4 models with at least 40 mpg† (Chapman, pp. 137), and is developing plug-in models that use a combination of electricity and gasoline that will compete against the Chevrolet Volt. Opportunities Ford has the opportunity to expand its presence and capture market share in India and China. It aims to increase its revenues from international sales from 20 percent to 50 percent. The expanding market of the two countries allows Ford to focus on small, light and fuel efficient cars that are needed in the market.Ford has also been slow to respond to demands for small hybrid or fuel efficient cars in the United States. There is also an opportunity to increase standardization of the platforms used in world-wide production of vehicles. If this happens the cost of pro duction would significantly lower and it would be easier to introduce new cars into new markets without building new plants. Ford can also further trim down the number of models out in the market and focus on cars they are widely known for such as light trucks and expand its model for smaller and fuel efficient cars.To target the higher end market, it should continue to build its Lincoln brand as a better alternative in the US and once established, export that brand to new markets overseas. Production from union controlled plants could also be transferred to non-union plants that can give Ford plants a competitive edge or be at par with other auto companies in compensation for workers. Ford can also consolidate more dealership to become more competitive and give them incentives to attract more customers thru financing and offering excellent customer service. ThreatsThe auto industry is very competitive and technology driven industry. Ford has to constantly monitor its competitors to know how it will make its own decision. Companies will outbid one another in attracting new customers by giving them a lot of rebates, incentives and attractive financing. The technology for clean, fuel-efficient cars and alternate sources of fuel is also changing and without proper funding for research Ford could be left behind and lose in this expanding market. Any increase in price of raw materials could also increase production cost for Ford and make their vehicles more expensive.Demands of union workers also affect the competitiveness of Ford. They are currently paying higher compensation and benefits compared to the rest of auto industry. Changing consumer tastes also makes it difficult for Ford to quickly address and create cars that the market needs. Any decline in the US economy would also greatly affect the revenues of Ford. Most of the revenues of Ford comes from the US market and if the US economy goes into another recession it would decrease consumer spending and make it difficult to survive without government help. Ford Motor Company: Five Forces Threats of Substitute Products – High in Urban Areas, Low in Suburban Areas * With the increase of gas prices and traffic congestion consumers are now looking for alternate ways to commute between work and home. Consumers are increasingly being aware of their â€Å"carbon footprint† and are looking for clean and energy efficient alternatives to commute. In cities, the availability of public transportation such as buses, subways and light rail systems gives commuters flexibility. Car-sharing options such as Zipcar are now also available in cities and have become popular. Rivalry Among Competing Firms – High * Competition in the auto industry is very high. Different companies compete aggressively in increasing their market share by giving incentives to customers. It is also important for companies to satisfy the needs and tastes of consumers. Companies also try to run an efficient sup ply chain to limit the cost of producing and increasing profit margins. * Threats of New Entrants – Low * The threat of new entrants in the local auto industry is low. The auto industry is very capital and labor intensive and it takes time for companies to establish their operations.The current companies have established their presence and market share but competition from potential, new and growing car companies in big markets such as China and India is inevitable. * Bargaining Power of Suppliers – Low * The auto industry sources its raw materials from global suppliers. The suppliers market is also a competitive industry. Bulk of their sales come from the auto industry and companies have established relationships to give them access to supplies and new technologies. The relationship of auto ompanies and suppliers are intertwined given that as auto companies increase production, supplier companies increase revenues. * Bargaining Power of Buyers – High * Consumer s now have more choices that gives them a higher bargaining power. The economy is also improving and giving them more buying power. Unlike before where manufacturers dictate what the dealers will push to the consumers, consumers now make the demand for manufacturers to make fuel-efficient and environment friendly cars. Consumers are also well informed and by being well informed they can ask for more incentives to dealers and car manufacturers.Ford Motor Company: Recommendations Under the leadership of Mulally Ford has significantly made changes to improve the position of the company. We recommend that Ford increase funding on research for fuel efficient cars, alternate sources of energy for smaller cars that the market demands and will create sustainability in its vehicles. Ford should also maintain or increase the quality of its vehicles by standardizing its platforms and improving its technology to detect any safety issues with its vehicles to avoid costly recalls that not only is expensive but tarnishes the image of the company.The economic crisis has made it difficult for other car companies not to be bailed out but Ford was able to maintain its independence by using its assets and enforcing better control in its finances. Ford can continue to be competitive by maintaining or lowering its operating costs. Ford has been known in its proficiency in having a tight supply chain were it can control the costs of production. Ford should be quick to adapt in changing consumer tastes.It should not be content with making products that they are known for and lose market share in new vehicles that are small, clean and fuel efficient. It should also make its current models cleaner and more fuel efficient to maintain attractiveness to consumers. Ford has great potential in new markets such as China and India. The reputation it has built as a well know car manufacturer in the US can be used to tap new customers in international market. Ford has built by its strong leader s and will continue to thrive if more reforms are made.

Rivera’s Pan American Unity: Economic Themes from the North and South

Throughout the late 1920’s many American patrons of the arts had attempted to bring the famous Mexican muralist, Diego Rivera, to the United States for commissioned works. It wasn’t until September of 1930 that Rivera finally arrived in San Francisco to paint. His wife, the famous painter Frida Khalo, whom he had recently married, accompanied him. Fellow artist and instructor at the California Academy of Arts, Ralph Stackpole, had recommended to Timothy Pflueger that he use Rivera for a new project he was working on, the Pacific Stock Exchange. This turned out to be a fruitful relationship with the successful completion of Allegory of California, in the stock exchange building. Nearly 10 years later and his last appearance in the US, Pflueger asked Rivera to return to San Francisco to be part of Golden Gate International Exposition of 1939/40. The fruit of those laborers is his Pan American Unity, the themes of which will be explored in further detail here. Timothy Pflueger commissioned the painting, Pan American Unity. It was a replacement for an art exhibit of European masters on loan for 1939. Pflueger was a well-known architect in San Francisco, having built the Medical Dental Skyscraper on Sutter and worked on the Pacific Stock Exchange building. Jeremy Long LALS – 14 Landau July 6, 2014 Rivera’s painting are often controversial and spark debate in all kinds of circles, whether it be for his political affiliations or the subject matter of the paintings themselves. In a way, Pan American Unity avoids some of this controversy with his themes of unification and harmony. One might think that the North and South, in this case the United States and Mexico, stand diametrically opposed to one another, but Rivera sought to unite them in common themes. He showed how the labors of the Mexican farmers and ingenious people were not that dis-similar from the backbreaking work of the Detroit autoworkers. Most, if not all, scenes depicted show Mexicans and Americans side by side through their struggles for freedom. The theme of economic differences between the North and South are evident in the many portrayals of the Mexican people, who are most often seen in traditional dress of centuries past. On the other hand, the American people are shown as a fully modern people with technology and ingenuity. The two ideas aren’t completely contradictory and Rivera seems to imply that you cannot have one without the other. The technology of the present is only informed by the progress of the ast and the same will be true of our future. Both America and Mexico have much to learn from and share with the other and only in this way can we truly achieve a greatness beyond the accomplishments of today. In another section of the mural, Stalin and Hitler are reviled for their crimes, creeping like a noxious gas over the painting stand in opposition to the Founding Fathers of the United States; a very interesting view point from an avowed socialist and often communist leader of Mexico. Somewhat of a local celebrity at the time, a City College of San Francisco diver appears twice in the painting, springing from the center of the painting and arching over the figures below as fountain of hope and prosperity. Even his patron, Pflueger, makes an appearance in the painting, being shown with blueprints directing the construction of his now famous office building. While Pflueger died before he could find a permanent place for Rivera’s great and last work in San Francisco, his son, whom assumed the duties of design for the City College of San Francisco and the changes necessary to allow for the display of Rivera’s work. Diego Rivera’s Pan American Unity, strove to strike a balance between the natural forces of this world and the human desires of good and evil. He accomplished this by including elements of the North’s technological dominance, the South’s agricultural heritage, the evils of Nazism and Stalinism, and the eloquence and beauty of nature and the Bay Area, which all combine to strengthen the economic message of the painting’s central them of unity.

Rae we pray for you essays

Rae we pray for you essays Murder in the murderer is no such ruinous thought as poets and romancers will have it; it does not unsettle him, or fright him from his ordinary notice of trifles; it is an act quite easy to be contemplated. Is Rae Carruth unsettled? Is he bothered? Is Carruth in the contemplative mood yet? I certainly hope he is. Rae Carruth has taken away a human life. He has violated that certain enjoyment that exists in life. It is what separates the human race, from all others. Logic and reason that we possess in such high quantities as human beings apparently are lacking in Carruths case. It seems to make little sense, especially in Carruths situation. He seemed to have everything going for him, having achieved his dream to become a professional athlete and supporting his parents and relatives on this newfound fame as he had always promised. Yet, something was happening to Rae Carruth. Obviously, he was not happy with his life at that point. Still, murder is not exactly a sensible action, not even as a last resort to most who have their wits about them. It seemed as though Carruth felt that he had no other choice. He seemed to take the classic, I dont like you, so Ill beat you up, mantra of the playgrounds to a much harsher end in this case. With Carruth you must question many things about him, his sanity, his maturity, his intelligence, and above all his reason. Obviously, he soon realized the magnitude of his act, as he fled as a fugitive until he was caught. Murder is not a crime of chance, you have to get the deed done and correctly, that is why Carruth hired a few thugs to do the job for him. Even if Carruth did not pull the trigger, it is very clear that he is still a murderer. His fate is the question to most. This will probably not be determined until Carruth goes to trial, probably in about a year. The prosecution will seek the death penalty ...

Free Essays on The Yellow Wallpaper

In â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper†, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the main character describes herself as a little insane woman. In the beginning of the story, although she is suffering from a continuous nervous breakdown, her mental condition is not so serious and deep. She has a good family, nice house for the summer, and she has talent in writing. However, she is getting increasingly insane everyday that she lives in the bedroom with the yellow wallpaper and the bars on the windows. Then, why did she stay there? We can prove some of the reasons why the main character stayed so repressed throughout the summer retreat at the mansion: one - her oppressive husband, two – her exclusion from writing, and three - the struggle within herself. First, there is John, her oppressive husband. John keeps his cloak of control over her with his profession and his male dominance. In addition, he is seemingly the leading person in the marriage as a typical middle-class male was in the past. He tells her to rest and sleep and never truly listened to her; â€Å"Personally, I disagree with their idea. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good. But what is one to do?†(p. 407). Even though she tries to discuss her feelings, his stern, reproachful looks and comments make her withdrawn, and her only choice becomes to go back to her bed. In addition, he also thinks what she says is just silly fantasies and illusion. She was almost imprisoned in her bedroom with the yellow paper. Moreover, she is not allowed to have visitors either. Specifically, his oppressive action pushes her deeper into madness. Secondly, she is not even allowed to work on her writing because of her oppressive husband; â€Å"There comes John, and I must put this away - he hates to have me write a word † (p.409). â€Å"So I take phosphates or phosphites – whichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden... Free Essays on The Yellow Wallpaper Free Essays on The Yellow Wallpaper In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman the unnamed protagonist is obsessed with the yellow wallpaper because it represents the insanity in her life that snowballs from post pardum depression to a serious nervous disorder. When we first learn of the protagonist, we find she suffers from post pardum depression, which her husband, a high ranking doctor, attempts to address by treating her with a â€Å"Rest-cure† (pg. 617) by placing her in a colonial mansion away from society. It is this location where she comes in contact with the yellow wallpaper. Automatically when the narrator views the yellow wallpaper of the room, she is appalled at the way it looks. She states she had never seen worse paper, and that it had â€Å"committed every artistic sin.† (pg. 618) We learn of her resentfulness of the wallpaper through writings in her journal. She is not allowed to visit her Cousin Henry or Julia, her husband is gone most of the day and she is not allowed to leave the room, which leads her to discuss the wallpaper, or in reality her portrait of herself. She talks of how horrid it is and a spot where there is a bump in the pattern that looks like a broken neck. This represents her dissatisfaction with her life. She cannot overcome the wretchedness of the paper because she cannot overcome her own problems. She believes the wallpaper looks at her â€Å"as if it knew what a vicious influence it had.† (pg. 620) This represents the tremendous impact the depression has on her life and her refusal to accept her inner chaos. Her simple hate of the wallpaper grows into a hallucination of images that emerge from it when she begins to realize her need for help. She begins to see â€Å"a strange, provoking, formless sort of figure.† (pg. 621) This shows that the narrator is inwardly analyzing herself as well as her illness and yet she still cannot come to terms with it. She says the wallpaper has no laws, and everything ... Free Essays on The Yellow Wallpaper The Yellow Wall Paper In the short story â€Å"The Yellow Wall Paper†, by Charlotte Perkins, Jane and her husband move into a rental house for the summer. The room in which Jane stays has ugly yellow colored wallpaper. During the story Jane goes from being â€Å"sick†, to really becoming insane. Her insanity is shown through the images she sees in the wallpaper and her behavior toward them. At the beginning of the short story Jane is told that she is sick, and that she should not do any work or take part in any stressful activity. She is taking phosphates and tonics under her husband’s advice. Jane enjoys her writing, but is told not to continue. Throughout the story she continues to write, hiding the writings from her husband and only working when he is away. Her husband considers her condition to be temporary nervous depression, which is to be treated with lots of rest. She is told that she should not leave the room, which in actuality, only makes her true condition worse. As the story progresses Jane’s actions and thought patterns become stranger and stranger. Her hatred for the yellow wallpaper continues to grow and her husband still sees no point in removing in a three month rental. The longer she is enclosed in the yellow room the worse her condition becomes. Jane starts to see shapes of discoloration in the paper, and soon begins to see eyes staring back at her through the yellow covering. In her writings she comments on a smell that is believed to be coming from the walls, she decides that it must be the wallpaper. When the sun is just right she can see a formless sort of figure sulking behind the horrible walls. Jane notices that the walls change color, but no one else is able to see this. By now, halfway through the story, Jane has decided that the figure she keeps seeing has a form to it not unlike that of a woman. She also begins to fear John as her mental condition becomes worse. With one week l... Free Essays on The Yellow Wallpaper The Yellow Wallpaper, â€Å"Explanations of Insanity.† "The Yellow Wallpaper", written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, is a story of a woman, her psychological difficulties and her husband's so called therapeutic treatment of her aliments during the late 1800s. Gilman, who writes from her own personal experiences, is suffering from a â€Å"temporary depression.† She is having to face the overwhelming fact that this is a male dominated society and sometimes women suffer because of it. Gilman sets up the story to convey a certain opinion of the repercussions a woman faces in the care of a man. She states right from the beginning that "John is a physician, and perhaps(I would not say it to a living soul, of course, but this is dead paper and a great relief to my mind) perhaps that is the one reason I do not get well faster." (McMichael, George, â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† page 667.) The story mentions that she has an older brother who is also a physician and concurs with her husbands theory, thus leaving her no choice but to subject herself to this torment of being totally alone in this room with the yellow wallpaper. The narrator with absolutely nothing else to do is reduced to staring endlessly at a pattern in a wallpaper, thus creating some image that she feels is necessary to find out. Perhaps to save her own sanity? Once the narrator determines that the image is in fact a woman struggling to become free, she somehow aligns herself with the woman. She continues to pursue this obsessive project of getting the woman out. Gilman is obviously putting her dilemmas along with the women stuck in the wallpaper into the same category. That would be the thought and feeling of being â€Å"trapped!† The narrator wants the women to be free of the paper just as bad as she wants to be looked at as a sane person as well as being allowed to read and write again without being scolded by her mentally and vocally abusive, overpowering husband... Free Essays on The Yellow Wallpaper Prior to the twentieth century, men assigned and defined women’s roles. Although all women were effected by men determining women’s behavior, largely middle class women suffered. Men perpetrated an ideological prison that subjected and silenced women. This ideology, called the Cult of True Womanhood, legitimized the victimization of women. The Cult of Domesticity and the Cult of Purity were the central tenets of the Cult of True Womanhood. Laboring under the seeming benevolence of the Cult of Domesticity, women were imprisoned in the home or private sphere, a servant tending to the needs of the family. Furthermore, the Cult of Purity obliged women to remain virtuous and pure even in marriage, with their comportment continuing to be one of modesty. Religious piety and submission were beliefs that were more peripheral components of the ideology, yet both were borne of and a part of the ideology of True Womanhood. These were the means that men used to insure the passi vity and docility of women. Religion would pacify any desires that could cause a deviation from these set standards, while submission implied a vulnerability and dependence on the patriarchal head (Welter 373-377). The medical profession’s godlike attitude in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† demonstrates this arrogance. The Rest cure that Dr. Weir Mitchell prescribed, which is mentioned in Gilman’s work, reflects men’s disparaging attitudes. His Rest cure calls for complete rest, coerced feeding and isolation. Mitchell, a neurosurgeon specializing in women’s nervous ailments, expounded upon his belief for women’s nervous conditions when he said, American woman is, to speak plainly, too often physically unfit for her duties as woman, and is perhaps of all civilized females the least qualified to undertake those weightier tasks which tax so heavily the nervous system of man. She is not fairly up to what nature asks from her as wife and mother. How will ... Free Essays on The Yellow Wallpaper In â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper†, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the main character describes herself as a little insane woman. In the beginning of the story, although she is suffering from a continuous nervous breakdown, her mental condition is not so serious and deep. She has a good family, nice house for the summer, and she has talent in writing. However, she is getting increasingly insane everyday that she lives in the bedroom with the yellow wallpaper and the bars on the windows. Then, why did she stay there? We can prove some of the reasons why the main character stayed so repressed throughout the summer retreat at the mansion: one - her oppressive husband, two – her exclusion from writing, and three - the struggle within herself. First, there is John, her oppressive husband. John keeps his cloak of control over her with his profession and his male dominance. In addition, he is seemingly the leading person in the marriage as a typical middle-class male was in the past. He tells her to rest and sleep and never truly listened to her; â€Å"Personally, I disagree with their idea. Personally, I believe that congenial work, with excitement and change, would do me good. But what is one to do?†(p. 407). Even though she tries to discuss her feelings, his stern, reproachful looks and comments make her withdrawn, and her only choice becomes to go back to her bed. In addition, he also thinks what she says is just silly fantasies and illusion. She was almost imprisoned in her bedroom with the yellow paper. Moreover, she is not allowed to have visitors either. Specifically, his oppressive action pushes her deeper into madness. Secondly, she is not even allowed to work on her writing because of her oppressive husband; â€Å"There comes John, and I must put this away - he hates to have me write a word † (p.409). â€Å"So I take phosphates or phosphites – whichever it is, and tonics, and journeys, and air, and exercise, and am absolutely forbidden... Free Essays on The Yellow Wallpaper The Yellow Wall-Paper By: Charlotte Perkins Gilman In the story, The Yellow Wall-Paper by Perkins Gilman, the yellow wall paper symbolized the character and her marriage to her husband John. The character expressed herself through the wall paper. She reflected her life to the yellow wallpaper. She saw a woman trapped behind bars, crawling around the wallpaper fighting to free herself. Those bars resembled her husband. Throughout their marriage, she felt trapped. She always did what she was told by her husband. She was not allowed the write in her journal or even allowed to read. Her husband made all of her decisions for her because according to him, she was unable of making her own decisions. Everything he did was for her best. The yellow wallpaper intrigued the character so much that towards the ending, she became that woman in the wallpaper. She started to crawl around the floor and eventually crawled all over her husband. It seemed that when she crawled over her husband, she changed completely , she no longer was the obedient â€Å"little girl† that her husband loved. At the sight of her crawling, her husband fainted. The yellow wallpaper is a very important symbol in the story. It portrayed the character’s life. The character was trapped in her marriage just like the woman was trapped in the wallpaper. Both of them constantly tried to release themselves. The woman in the wallpaper consistently shook the pattern and the bars, while the character would try to talk to her husband and try to make him see that she is smart enough to make her own decisions. The bars from the wallpaper coincided with John. Those bars would not permit the woman from liberating herself. John would not permit his wife to become independent. He wanted her to need him to survive.... Free Essays on The Yellow Wallpaper Women’s Literature The Importance of Symbolism and Imagery In â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† Often times the best work of writing, be it a short story or an extensive novel, is one that examines an issue using a variety of literary techniques, such as symbolism and imagery. Charlotte Perkins Gilman did just that. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is a short story in which a woman, who suffers from some sort of nervous condition, is basically confined to one room in a summer home while on any number of medications. Her husband doesn’t allow her to work and even forbids her from writing, which was a deprivation of the only outlet she truly had. Gilman uses various forms of symbolism and imagery throughout the novel that, as in most cases, can be interpreted in a variety of forms. One of the most significant examples of imagery and/or symbolism in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is actually the yellow wallpaper. It surrounds, in somewhat of an encompassing manner, the room occupied by Jane, the main character and narrator. Jane says at the beginning of the story â€Å"I never saw worse paper in my life. One of those sprawling flamboyant patterns committing every artistic sin† (Gilman 1135). The paper was stripped off in certain areas of the room and apparently its yellow color was more of a stain, while at the same time it possessed some type of bad odor. â€Å"It is the strangest yellow, that wallpaper! It makes me think of all the yellow things I ever saw- not beautiful ones like buttercups, but old, foul, bad yellow things† (Gilman 1141). To me, somebody with a sickness confined to one room for an extended amount of time should not feel this way about the room they are in. This ugly, almost evil wallpaper symbolizes a few different things. In her perception, the paper has eyes and exerts some sort of power over her. Hour after hour she lay in her bed, which is nailed to the floor, and tries to follow the pattern of the wallpape... Free Essays on The Yellow Wallpaper â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is an account of a mentally disturbed woman. The woman portrayed in this short story plays the role of a dominated, inferior lady who is not outspoken and willing to take a stand on behalf of her own well being. She does not realize she can have her own ideas and stand up for herself; this is her main problem in the story. By applying all the concepts of style, symbolism and time era Charlotte Perkins Gilman has conceived a well-written story. The time frame has a great importance to the overall story. The account does not just deal with a woman going insane but a woman’s standing in society in the late 1800’s. During the time in which Gilman’s piece was written, women were not often prominent figures in society. Men frequently dominated them, and it was rare to find a very outspoken female willing to stand up for her own well-being. It is a very disturbing look at how a man could have dominated a lady in the time frame in which the story was set. It exemplifies how woman were disregarded at times and treated like frail beings at others. All woman really needed was moral or emotional support to break free of a male dominated society. Throughout the story symbolism is a strong key point. The wallpaper has many symbolic examples in it. The pattern at one point in time start to look like bars and the woman behind them is constantly shaking them at night to escape. The key factor is that the woman is somehow freed from the bars during the day, yet trapped behind them at night. This is symbolic of her husbands not being home during the days, while he is working. During this time she is alone and free to be herself, without anyone’s rules to suppress her emotions. Because of this she does not feel the urgent need to escape. At night however when her husband returns home she is thrown back behind those imaginary bars that symbolize her feelings of control. In the ... Free Essays on The Yellow Wallpaper The majority of works written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman were written as â€Å"forceful statements of her opinions on women’s need for economic independence and social equality† (151). However, the one story that is considered her artistic masterpiece greatly deviates from her typical fiction. This story, entitled â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† is a not a feminist statement, but a true work of art; merely an artist using her talent. Current feminist critics have come up with a profusion of in-depth views and symbolism that have altered the way this work is read. After a careful rereading of The â€Å"Yellow Wallpaper,† it becomes clear that while this is a work of fiction, it is also laced with subliminal symbolism in the story’s setting and environments. When reading â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, a reader cannot miss noticing the importance of the setting in which the action takes place. The author’s intent is to focus the reader’s attention into the story in a gradual manner; in this way, the unusual events presented later on will produce a greater impression on the reader. In addition, setting is a strategy for the author to introduce symbols in the text, symbols that are not obvious to decipher at the first read. As an expert on symbolism in human culture, Carl Jung writes in Man and His Symbols: â€Å"Thus a word or an image is symbolic when it implies something more than it’s obvious and immediate meaning. It has a wider ‘unconscious’ aspect that is never precisely defined or fully explained† (Jung 20). These symbols represent Gilman’s view on the status of women in the patriarchal society of the nineteenth century. Views that were so shocking for those times that their direct unveiling may have led to strong criticism and perhaps the exclusion of publishing the story. This effect is created with a combination of several techniques. The most prominent and easiest to observe is the manipulation of setting. The story ...

Some Hairy Expressions

Some Hairy Expressions Some Hairy Expressions Some Hairy Expressions By Maeve Maddox Warning: This post may offend some readers. Words, however, are just words and thats what DWT is all about. Curious minds want to know! DWT reader Jess received an email in which the sender said I got a wild hair about me. Jess says that the expression was used in the sense of acting impetuously. However, the expression for which wild hair is a shortening is to have a wild hair up ones ass. The meaning of this vulgar expression is to have an obsession or fixation about something. Garrison Keillor conveys this sense in his August 2, 2008 News from Lake Woebegone segment. In this instance its not a hair but a quarter, and its not up anything, its between the butt cheeks. Hes talking about a woman who is very angry about something and is going to confront her brother about it: she stalked across that farmyard like somebody whos carrying a quarter in their butt. If you go around carrying a quarter in your butt, you wont think of anything else. Disagreement exists as to why a hair should cause such single-minded discomfort, but I suppose there could be such a thing as a painful ingrown hair. The word wild in this context refers to the fact that the hair in question is not going where it is wanted. The meaning implied in the email, to act impetuously or in an uncharacteristic manner, doesnt seem as apt. Some other hairy idioms: to split hairs to dissect a subject down to the most trivial and unimportant details. I want to give the go ahead and all you want to do is split hairs about what color the tags should be. hair-brained foolish, ditzy. The expression originates from the erratic behavior of hares and is more properly spelled harebrained. However, the spelling hair-brained is quite common. I never heard of a more harebrained idea in my life! hair of the dog short for hair of the dog that bit you. In modern usage it refers to the notion that a person with a hangover can cure himself by drinking in the morning what he was drinking the night before. The expression originates in an ancient homeopathic cure for the bite of a mad dog. Pliny the Elder gives several remedies, one of which is to rub into the wound ash, prepared by burning, from the hair under the tail of the mad dog itself. by a hairs breadth by a narrow margin. He escaped death by a hairs breadth. Possible origin: a formal unit of measurement called a hairbreadth, equal to one-forty-eighth of an inch. hair-trigger a trigger that requires very little effort to release. The term can be used figuratively: Her husband has a hair-trigger temper. to let ones hair down to relax and be at ones ease with people. Come on, Charlie! Let your hair down and dance! The term originated in the 1850s and probably first applied to women who wore their hair up in public. hair-raising frightening and exciting. Follow Indiana Jones in another hair-raising adventure. a hairy situation something fraught with difficulty. The conversation became a bit hairy once he mentioned Alison. hairpin curve a curve in the road that goes back on itself. Younger readers may not know what an old-fashioned hairpin looked like. The curve at the joined end was much wider than the curve of a mere bobby pin. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing LightFlier vs. FlyerWood vs. Wooden

Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 8

Paraphrase - Essay Example because of the carelessness of Sprint, he sustained an injury in the left ankle, pain, nervousness, emotional distress, and anxiety of body and mind; which are disabling, progressive and permanent. According to OSHA standards, there must be regulations concerning the guarding of floor and wall holes that may harm any individual within the workplace. According to the guidelines, when a floor hole cover is not in place, then the hole ought to be protected by a removable standard barricade or someone must be allocated at the given spot, to warn other individuals (www.osha.gov). Despite this, Sprint did not consent to the negligence claim based on lack of OSHA standards. Moreover, an employee of Sprint completed an incident report the same day (May 28, 1997) the accident took place, but it was protected by the work product and attorney-client privileges. The verdict was Sprint was not at fault, and Mr. Ratcliff was completely at fault. This was in favor of Sprint. This was based on the fact the sufficiency of evidence claim was meritless as Mr. Ratcliff stepped into a hole that was visible and his claimed injury was caused before the incident and mental condition. According to the testimony of Mr. Bondurant, he was splicing wires with his feet in the opening when the incident took place. Moreover, multiple witnesses saw him working in the hole, and they knew where the hole was. Nevertheless, the trial court did not neglect its judgment in acknowledging evidence of workers compensation claim, as well as the exclusion of an incident report. In addition, the court’s exclusion of OSHA regulations was a not a detrimental mistake. Mr. Ratcliff announced his financial condition into the case when asked by his lawyer on direct examination concerning his failure to get medical attention, and he uttered that he could not â€Å"afford that option†; this is an exception to the general rule of inadmissibility of collateral source expenses. The defense was able to attack this

Bipolar Disorder Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bipolar Disorder - Research Proposal Example You vascilitate backwards and forwards between being totally elated and totally gloomy, and between such periods you feel more stable.† (2008). â€Å"Imbalance in the brain biochemicals called neurotransmitters, which convey messages between the nerves, also appears to play a major role. Too many or too few neurotransmitters are believed to cause alterations in mood.† (2006). Mayo Clinic (2008) points out that â€Å"a variety of biochemical, genetic and environmental factors seem to be involved in causing and triggering bipolar episodes.† Mind.Org.UK points out the following possible causes: â€Å"Stress is likely to play a large part, and the role of cortisol on the developing brain is being researched. Prenatal stresses on the developing foetus are seen as important, both environmentally and nutritionally, as well as the impact of the mother’s mental and physical health on the foetus† (1995-2006). But this disease provokes â€Å"unusual shifts in a person’s mood, energy, and ability to function, (†¦) can result in damaged relationships, poor job or school performance, and even suicide† (NIMH, 2008). NIMH remarks the following about the bipolar disorder: â€Å"Manic-depression distorts moods and thoughts, incites dreadful behaviors, destroys the basis of rational thought, and too often erodes the desire and will to live. It is an illness that is biological in its origins, yet one that feels psychological in the experience of it; an illness that is unique in conferring advantage and pleasure, yet one that brings in its wake almost unendurable suffering and, not infrequently, suicide.† (2008) â€Å"Psychotic features (e.g., hallucinations, delusions) may be present in manic, mixed or depressive episodes and tend to relate to the mood. For example, during manic episodes, patients may believe they are invulnerable to physical harm and, during major depressive episodes, patients may believe they are guilty of a great crime or sin.

Einstein's Wife The Controversy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Einstein's Wife The Controversy - Essay Example This article will examine all the evidence about this allegation and concludes that the theory that Mileva was Einsteins equal partner are, most likely, patently false, as they rely upon erroneous and incomplete information. The scholarly theory is that Mileva was Einsteins hidden collaborator on his theories. The question would become why did not get the credit that she deserved, is this is true? Rossiter (1993) might provide the answer. She writes of the â€Å"Matthew Effect,† so named for a passage in Matthew in The Bible which states that individuals may be under-recognized for their achievements. In the case of science, according to Rossiter, it is a matter of politics whether certain scientists, such as Albert Einstein, get international recognition over other scientists, such as Marian Smoluchowski, who was working on Brownian motion at the same time as Einstein. The Matthew Effect states that politics is the reason why some scientists get recognition over other scientists – these scientists have prestigious posts at universities and acolytes who are willing to extol their virtues to the public. The other scientists, who might be doing just as important work, have less prestigious p osts and fewer cheerleaders for them. Because of this, these scientists struggle for recognition, even though their work may be just as important, while other scientists get all the recognition.1 Rossiter suggests that this effect particularly effects women in the field. This marginalization of women has extended to the cases of women who were married to important scientists and have not gotten recognition for their work, as the recognition has completely gone to their husbands. It is in this category, suggests Rossiter, that the case of Mileva Maric might fall.2 Troemel-Ploetz (1990) also points to the insidious practice of not according

Renoirs adaptation of maupassants A counrty excursion Essay

Renoirs adaptation of maupassants A counrty excursion - Essay Example In the context of French cinema, works of such iconic writers as Victor Hugo, Emile Zola and Alexander Dumas were heavily drawn upon. Guy de Maupassant’s short story A Country Excursion is one among many instances of early cinema embracing literature. But there are numerous challenges in adapting a work of art to a radically different medium. Theatre and cinema can be said to share some affinity in terms of principles of mise-en-scene, accepted rules of screen-play, shared exploration of genres, etc. But literature to film is a big leap and film theorist Dudley Andrew identifies three basic types of adaptation – borrowing, intersecting and transforming sources. In the case of A Day in the Country to varying degrees all the three types are at play. Borrowing: The film is said to be borrowed from the short story to the extent that there is divergence in their details pertaining to characterization, geographic description, projection of individual motive, etc. In borrowing , â€Å"the artist employs, more or less extensively, the material, idea, or form of an earlier, generally successful text...the adaptation hopes to win an audience by the prestige of its borrowed title or subject...at the same time it seeks to gain a certain respectability, if not aesthetic value, as a dividend in the transaction†. (Andrew, p.422) Renoir’s work satisfies some of these criteria better than others. Certainly the literary work is the very basis for the project of the film. Moreover, Maupassant was a household name in early twentieth century France, and thus brings a degree of prestige to the project at hand. But the particular short story, A Country Excursion, does not have the same name recollection as its author does. Renoir’s enterprise does succeed in fulfill the twin key criteria of bringing respectability and aesthetic value to the transaction. The cinema produced is no injustice to the artistic standards of its source. The additional provis ions afforded by the new medium add more vibrancy and color to the source text. So the idea of the film can certainly be said to have been borrowed, though with certain qualifications. Intersection: This form of adaptation is found to be the weakest in A Day in the Country. Intersection is the most infidel methods of transmuting words to film due to its limited objective. The goal of the filmmaker is less constrained, for he/she is not concerned with the entire written work but only one idea/feature within it. The task then is to experiment and find out what ‘cinema’ as a medium can ‘do’ to the original. At its heart is creative curiosity and experimentation on the part of the director. Renowned French film critic Andre Bazin has expressed intersection through the metaphor of light. Andrews paraphrases Bazin thus, â€Å"here the original artwork can be likened to a crystal chandelier whose formal beauty is a product of its intricate but fully artificial ar rangement of parts while the cinema would be a crude flashlight intersecting not for its own shape or the quality of its light but for what it makes appear in this or that dark corner† (Andrews, p.423) Seen in light of this definition, A Day in the Country is the cinematic intersection of the literary work, for it brings to the table unique cinematic qualities of expression. This is most evident in passages in the film where dialogue takes

The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing Literature review

The arbitrage theory of capital asset pricing - Literature review Example At the same time, the risk factor offers price to investors for investing their money in risky securities. The sum total of both these factors gives a clear view regarding the expected rate of return on a particular asset. It is generally calculated by using a risk measure called beta. The arbitrage pricing theory is a well known alternative to capital asset pricing model that is beneficial for the investors to determine whether an asset is correctly priced or not. This paper tends to evaluate various aspects of the arbitrage theory of capital pricing. Structure of Arbitrage Pricing Theory Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) is an alternative to capital asset pricing theory and it is formulated by the economist Stephen Ross in 1976. In order to clearly evaluate the potentiality of arbitrage pricing theory, it is necessary to understand the range and terms of capital asset pricing model (CAPM). As discussed above, CAPM calculates rate of return of an asset by adding the value of risk taken with duration of investment. It is relevant to understand the working method of CAPM also. Assume that risk-free rate is 5%, the beta measure of the stock is 3 and the expected rate of market return for this period is 12%; then the expected rate of stock becomes: 5%+3(12% - 5%) = 26% In the opinion of Roll and Ross (1980), this theory had considerable significance in empirical work during the periods of 1960’s and 1970’s. However further researches on this concept have questioned its reliability and authenticity of the computation of empirical constellation of asset returns; and, many related theories have detected ranges of disenchantment with the CAPM (ibid). Authors say that this situation led to the demand for a more potential theory and it caused the formulation of APT. Although, APT was developed recently, CAPM is considered as the basis of modern portfolio theory. Huberman and Wang (2005) claim that both the CAPM and APT show relation between expected returns o f assets and their co-variance with other random variables; and an investor cannot avoid some types of risks by diversification and the concept of covariance is interpreted as a measure of such risks. While comparing with CAPM, the APT contains fewer assumptions; and at the same time, this theory is very difficult to use. Roll and Ross (1980) clearly tells that the basic idea behind arbitrage pricing theory is that the price of a security is varied by mainly two groups of factors such as macro factors and company specific factors. Since no ‘arbitrage assumptions’ are employed, this theory is popularly known in this name. The group categorization and thereby macro as well as company specific factors are very crucial to form the following formula: r = rf + ?1f1 + ?2f2 + ?3f3 + †¦ where r represents the expected rate on the security and rf is the risk free rate. In this formula, f stands for a separate factor and ? is a relationship measure between the security price and that factor. Cho, Eun, and Senbet (1986) have conducted an empirical investigation so as to evaluate the international performance of the arbitrage pricing policy. In their research, they mainly employed two valuation techniques such as inter-battery factor analysis and Chow test. The inter-battery factor analysis helped the authors to estimate the international common factors while they could test the validity of the APT using Chow test method. A

Renoirs adaptation of maupassants A counrty excursion Essay

Renoirs adaptation of maupassants A counrty excursion - Essay Example In the context of French cinema, works of such iconic writers as Victor Hugo, Emile Zola and Alexander Dumas were heavily drawn upon. Guy de Maupassant’s short story A Country Excursion is one among many instances of early cinema embracing literature. But there are numerous challenges in adapting a work of art to a radically different medium. Theatre and cinema can be said to share some affinity in terms of principles of mise-en-scene, accepted rules of screen-play, shared exploration of genres, etc. But literature to film is a big leap and film theorist Dudley Andrew identifies three basic types of adaptation – borrowing, intersecting and transforming sources. In the case of A Day in the Country to varying degrees all the three types are at play. Borrowing: The film is said to be borrowed from the short story to the extent that there is divergence in their details pertaining to characterization, geographic description, projection of individual motive, etc. In borrowing , â€Å"the artist employs, more or less extensively, the material, idea, or form of an earlier, generally successful text...the adaptation hopes to win an audience by the prestige of its borrowed title or subject...at the same time it seeks to gain a certain respectability, if not aesthetic value, as a dividend in the transaction†. (Andrew, p.422) Renoir’s work satisfies some of these criteria better than others. Certainly the literary work is the very basis for the project of the film. Moreover, Maupassant was a household name in early twentieth century France, and thus brings a degree of prestige to the project at hand. But the particular short story, A Country Excursion, does not have the same name recollection as its author does. Renoir’s enterprise does succeed in fulfill the twin key criteria of bringing respectability and aesthetic value to the transaction. The cinema produced is no injustice to the artistic standards of its source. The additional provis ions afforded by the new medium add more vibrancy and color to the source text. So the idea of the film can certainly be said to have been borrowed, though with certain qualifications. Intersection: This form of adaptation is found to be the weakest in A Day in the Country. Intersection is the most infidel methods of transmuting words to film due to its limited objective. The goal of the filmmaker is less constrained, for he/she is not concerned with the entire written work but only one idea/feature within it. The task then is to experiment and find out what ‘cinema’ as a medium can ‘do’ to the original. At its heart is creative curiosity and experimentation on the part of the director. Renowned French film critic Andre Bazin has expressed intersection through the metaphor of light. Andrews paraphrases Bazin thus, â€Å"here the original artwork can be likened to a crystal chandelier whose formal beauty is a product of its intricate but fully artificial ar rangement of parts while the cinema would be a crude flashlight intersecting not for its own shape or the quality of its light but for what it makes appear in this or that dark corner† (Andrews, p.423) Seen in light of this definition, A Day in the Country is the cinematic intersection of the literary work, for it brings to the table unique cinematic qualities of expression. This is most evident in passages in the film where dialogue takes

Ratios assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Ratios - Assignment Example Average collection period can also be referred to as the number of days the sales are tied up in the accounts receivable. Thus, the average sales per day for the four years have been increasing. A snapshot on the yearly collection period, the year 20X1’s average is half the year 20X2’s average; this is a ratio of 1:2 associated with the increase in net sales by the same ratio. Inventory turnover measures the rate by which the inventory is used annually. From the computation, the rate at which inventory is used annually is 4, which is equal in the four years. This implies that inventory is used equally across the years. Current ratio measures solvency. This is the ratio between current assets and current liabilities. In the year 20X1, they current ratio is 3.333 which implies that for every one dollar of the current liabilities, the company has $3.333 in the current assets. For the year 20X2, the company has $1.90 in the current assets, in 20X3 the company has $1.542 and in 20X4 it has $1.339 in the current assets for every $1 of the current liabilities. This trend has been reducing from the 20X1 to 20X4. Quick ratio measures liquidity which is the number of dollars in cash and account receivable for every single dollar in the current liabilities. For the year 20X1, the company has a quick ratio of 1.333 which means that for every single dollar o current liabilities, the firm has $1.333 in the cash and accounts receivable to pay the liabilities. The trend of quick ratio is decrease from year 20X1 to 20X4, 1.333, 0.7, 0.541 to 0.459. Debt to equity measures the financial risk of the company which is the number of times dollars are owed for every single dollar in the net worth. From the computations, the year 20X1 has a quick to equity of 1.250 which means that for every single dollar of the net worth invested by the stockholders, the company owes $1.250 of the debt to the creditors. Hence, the trend of debt to equity for this

Supporting Notes Essay Example for Free

Supporting Notes Essay The practitioner we were most inspired by was Katie Mitchell. The crucial idea behind Katie Mitchell is that of Stanislavsky, naturalistic but with a contemporary twist. We chose to explore an extract from Hedda Gabler by Henrik Ibsen. Being, a naturalistic play, we thought that by using Katie Mitchell as our practitioner, we would be able to put a slight twist onto the dated play, and gain more knowledge of the characters. This involved us researching the era of the play, the characters with depth, and the specific extract we were choosing to do. Katie Mitchell focused on exploring the characters with much depth, and allowing a real portrayal to be shown to the audience, in order for them to relate to. After researching into the background of Katie Mitchell, we found that she directed Ghost, another Ibsen play, which encouraged us to explore other Ibsen plays. This led us to Hedda Gabler, a naturalistic play in which we believed we could adapt and direct to suit Katie Mitchell’s style of play. By following the book ‘The Director’s Craft’, we could gain an insight into her ways of directing and how she believes you should work in order to achieve a certain style of play. The exploration of the characters within the play, allowed us to record a backlist of what we believe may have happened, allowing a bigger picture to form in which we could establish what we thought the play was trying to achieve. This allowed us to create more believable characters and discuss what we believe to of happened between the time gaps between the scenes. Katie Mitchell’s idea of performing a play is that to completely immerse yourself within a character, and imagine you are them from all angles, this allows us to understand emotions and feelings behind the character. We chose an extract mainly reliant upon having two female speaking parts, however, allowed a good scope to improve and explore acting styles to suit this extract. Although the play didn’t advise much movement for this extract, we believe there is much that can be done in order to increase the tension and difficultness between both the characters within this scene.

Age of Discovery Events Before the Industrial Revolution

Age of Discovery Events Before the Industrial Revolution Age of discovery-events leading up to the Industrial Revolution, commenting on the following: currency, colonialism, recession, globilism, financial market, management theories and approaches, relationship between the past and present, economy, technology, revolution and people that contributed to the revolution. This paper presents an overview of the factors within the so-called ‘Age of Discovery’ which engendered the industrial revolution in Britain. Although the industrial ‘revolution’ itself is usually periodised in the period 1750-1850, this is by no means a universally agreed principle. Some authorities, such as Berg, propose that what she terms the age of ‘manufactures’ in fact ranged from 1700-1820. (1) As Berg herself explains, ‘†¦industrial growth took place over the whole of the eighteenth century, not just the last quarter of it. There was a substantial growth in the whole range of traditional industries as well as the most obviously exciting cases of cotton and iron.’ (2) If this position is accepted, the age of discovery was contemporaneous with the industrial revolution. Whatever its precise chronological context, it is argued here that the provenance of the industrialization in Britain lays in a diffuse range of developm ents, many of which are far outside the timeframe of industrialization itself. The ideological framework was shaped during the Reformation and early modern period, which also saw the necessary financial and commercial developments take place. This in turn led to colonial expansion, technological growth, and was re-negotiated after foreign revolutions and cyclical recessions, all of which helped drive Britain’s impetus towards industrial expansion and self-sufficiency. The ideological and economic framework was arguably created by successive developments in sociology and financial infrastructure: the so called ‘elective’ or protestant affinity with the idea of capitalism, and the financial ‘revolution’ which followed on the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The supposed pre-disposition of early modern English society towards particular forms of commercial development was proposed by figures such as R.H.Tawney and Max Weber as an ‘elective affinity’ between the protestant ‘asceticism’ and the spirit of capitalism. (3). Although this remains little more than a much-discussed theory, the economic individualism which became institutionalized in Britain during the late seventeenth century is much more tangible. It is also, arguably, profoundly constructive of the industrial revolution. The foundation of the Bank of England, the East India Company, and the proliferation of other large joint-stock ventures su ch as the South Sea Company, gave Britain both the incentive and the financial power to push out into expanding markets, looking for new commodities and raw materials. As Carruthers explains, ‘Improvements in the system of public borrowing were important in explaining the growing financial strength of the English state†¦dramatic enough to be called a â€Å"Financial Revolution.† England was able to borrow more money†¦at lower rates of interest. The borrowing was mostly from domestic sources†¦thanks to the development of trade and commerce, there was in England a growing pool of available capital.’ (4) The setting up of a large sinking fund was partly justified on the grounds of the continuing need to fund military conflict with European and imperial rivals: ‘†¦improvements in revenues allowed for increased borrowing, and together they underwrote higher expenditures and a successful war effort.’ (5) Unfortunately, the British reali zed that even victorious campaigns were ruinously expensive, as Colley relates: ‘†¦the Seven Years War was the most dramatically successful war the British ever fought. They conquered Canada†¦they assumed for themselves the reputation of being the most aggressive, the most affluent, and the most swiftly expanding power in the world†¦yet the euphoria soon soured†¦there was the hard, unpleasant fact of the National Debt which led inexorably to the rise in taxation.’ (6) However, fiscal control by the British government was itself to be a factor in industrialisation. Britain’s overseas military successes factored in the related developments of colonialism and slavery: both had prominent roles in the capital formation which financed the industrial revolution. Simply put, capital generated in the colonies had been steadily accumulating in Britain since the late seventeenth century, and much of it went into joint-stock companies, investment houses, or often directly into the enterprise and fixed capital itself. Much of it also went back overseas: however, when it did so, it often did so to finance orders for British-manufactured goods which further fanned domestic industrialization. The ‘triangular trade’ in British manufacturing output, African slaves, and West Indian produce ultimately concluded in the accretion of private capital reserves back in the UK, all seeking dividends through land or other investment. As Williams points out, ‘†¦the industrial expansion required finance. What man in the first three-quarters o f the eighteenth century was better able to afford the ready capital than a West Indian sugar planter or a Liverpool slave trader?’ (7) Many of the best known names of Britain’s industrial and commercial scene were the net beneficiaries of capital generated overseas, from either colonial or plantation sources. As Williams again indicates, ‘†¦It was the capital accumulated from the West Indian trade that financed James Watt and the steam engine.’ Engineering luminaries such as Boulton and Watt received advances from established plantation interests, as did the architects of the Great Western Railway: one of the leading banking families to transfer capital from their slave owning activities directly into financial services were the Barclays, precursors to the modern day Barclays bank. (8.) The American War of Independence, the eventual abolition of British slavery, and increased competition form South America eventually meant that these forms of revenue fell into decline. However, as Bayly reports, they were soon replaced, not only by new forms of income from other territories, but by massive n ew markets for raw materials and Britain’s industrial output: ‘†¦by 1815 the nation could celebrate an astonishing, indeed providential, recovery of fortunes.’ (9) It has to be recognised however that the capital accumulating in Britain’s investment houses and stock market did not find its way into a managerially static or vernacular economic arena. The eighteenth century also saw the emergence of a range of management theories and theories of the firm, which were implicit in the rationalization of the commercial and manufacturing enterprise. As Williams puts it, ‘†¦laissez-faire became a practice in the new industry long before it penetrated the text books as orthodox economic theory.’ (10) Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus , Robert Torrens and others fashioned the discipline of economics from the remnants of the former ideas of political arithmetic, producing a technical and predictive framework which combined with new technology to give the UK a new form of economic staple. Classical economics has continued to be re-worked and refined ever since. As Cohen and Cyert point out, ‘For the purposes of the classical theory, the profit maximization assumption may be perfectly adequate. It is clear however, that as one asks a different set of questionsthe profit maximization assumption is neither necessary nor sufficient’ (11) It nevertheless continues to pervade contemporary economic thought. New ideas about the economy were not the only intellectual developments creating change in the age of discovery and industrialisation: they were accompanied by new political ideas with profound implications for British expansion. In Marxist parlance, England’s own ‘bourgeois revolution’ – the middle classes wresting power from monarchical or aristocratic control – had already passed in the form of the English Civil War. In the eighteenth century the American and French Revolutions helped determine the character of British growth by shaping domestic political institutions and providing a further impetus for overseas expansion. There was a sense in which the social, economic and political processes bound up with industrialisation had to break down the protocols associated with monarchical and aristocratic control before the transformation could really be achieved. Capitalism had to supplant mercantilism, tariffs and protectionism had to be removed, mar kets had to be open to competition, and the vested interests who opposed it had to be pushed aside. As Williams expresses it, Adam Smith’s economic tour de force in the Wealth of Nations was ‘ †¦the philosophical antecedent of the American Revolution. Both were twin products of the same cause, the brake applied by the mercantile system on the development of the productive power of England and her colonies.’ Consequently, he adds, ‘Adam Smith’s role was to berate intellectually â€Å"the mean and malignant expedients† of a system which the armies of George Washington dealt a mortal wound on the battlefields of America.’ (12) After the loss of the American colonies, the British government seized upon the idea that, in future, administration needed to be more focused on the needs of the market a the necessary accompaniment to industrial expansion. British goods needed markets, and British government needed expertise to obtain and reta in those markets. As Bayly observes, ‘The disasters of the American Civil War had produced an interlocking network of parliamentary committees with their own experts; so administrations also had to know more and be better prepared.’ (13) Britain’s industrial progress was, however, not uniform or linear in nature. As Bayly reports, ‘†¦deepened by cyclical depressions operating in a more integrated world economy and by the continuing splutter of local wars which often marked the advance of settler capitalism into indigenous societies.’ (14) Britain’s technological and managerial expertise could not insulate it from seemingly inevitable financial crises and recession which, as Hilton reports, plagued it throughout its period of supposed industrial might. ‘There had been monetary and commercial disorders in the eighteenth century†¦1788, 1793, 1797†¦but nothing to compare with the crises of 1825-6, 1837-9, 1847-8, 1857, and 1866.’ Perhaps more important than the empirical details of these crises was their impact upon economic and social thinking, and in particular the way in which blame was apportioned for such disasters. A Hilton again explains, ‘†¦contemp orary analysis concentrated on two†¦types of explanation†¦.monetary mismanagement by government or Bank of England, and human avarice and greed.’ (15) The deep and pernicious nature of these crises eventually prompted the creation of the economic governance which still prevails today. In the 1770’s, the Bank of England note replaced the private bank notes which had circulated previously. (16). However, a more unified financial system meant that financial crises were themselves more pervasive and all-embracing. Limited liability legislation, as well as regulation of monopolies, mergers, and competition, helped protect individuals from the worst effects of economic downturns. What the industrial revolution and associated market creation implied for the UK business community was a increasingly close relationship with a globalizing economy. The enormous wealth created by this – for some individuals – meant that the economy was now vulnerable to uphe avals far beyond the control of the London stock market or government. This, arguably, encapsulates the single clearest link between the society which shaped the industrial revolution and contemporary social conditions: i.e., the individuals whose contributions are most important to industrialization were those with the least stake in its benefits. Academic debates as to whether or not a genuine ‘class consciousness’ was engendered by the industrial revolution are, ultimately, inconclusive. Few can realistically deny, however, that industrialisation demanded a massive influx of skilled, semi-skilled, but overwhelmingly unskilled labour, whom technological production could deprive of a skilled wage. As Gray points out, ‘Industrial change was associated with crises of gender and class relations, and struggles over factory regulation can be seen in the context of a gendered class consciousness.’ (17). In other words, both men and women realized that their livelihoods and earning power in an industrial context depended upon whether or not their work was defined as skilled. De-skilling was, it may be argued, the necessary precursor to the enormous industrial profits generated in the factory system: significant surplus value, the disparity between the amount spent to produce an item, and the amount it sold for – could only be maintained at a realistic level if costs were low and margins were wide. It was therefore no accident that unskilled female and child labour were highly significant in populating the new factory system which remains the emblematic representation of the industrial revolution in Britain. The same processes of de-skilling, and an essentially exploitative relationship, arguably feature in the new globalization taking place in the contemporary economy. It is interesting to speculate on whether these common relations of production, the taproot of collectivized and organized labour movements, will produce a new variant on the trade unionism thrown up by the domestic British industrial revo lution. The same may be asked of official intervention in the manufacturing process. As Gray points out, ‘Attempts to regulate factory employment can be traced back, almost to the beginnings of factory production itself. The restructuring of labour markets and employment relations during†¦.indutrialisation was accompanied by a series of overlapping debates about protective labour laws, the poor laws and statutory or customary controls over wages, prices, and commercial practice.’ (18) This historical process is arguably on-going, as successive waves of de-skilled labour are moved around the globalizing economy to meet fluctuating demand, often in uncontrolled conditions. The practices of child and female labour may have stopped in the domestic economy, but they have by no means been eliminated from the global arena. This is notwithstanding the appearance of ‘Third Way’ economics, and the supposed elimination of class difference. Footnotes 1.) Berg, M., (1994), The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820, Routledge, London, p.2. 2.) Ibid., p.281. 3.) Robertson, H.M., (1933), Aspects of the Rise of Economic Liberalism: A Criticism of Max Weber and His School, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p.208. 4.) Carruthers, B.G., (1996), City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution, Princeton University Press, NJ, p.71. 5.) Ibid., p.69. 6.) Colley, L., (1992), Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837, Pimlico, London.  p.101 7.) Williams, E., (1964), Capitalism and Slavery, Andre Deutsch, London. p.98. 8.) Ibid., pp.101-105. 9.) Bayly, C.A., (1989), Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830, Longman, London, p.3. 10.) Williams, op.cit., p.106. 11.) Cohen, K.J., and Cyert, R.M., (1965), Theory of the Firm: Resource Allocation in a Market Economy , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 12.) Williams, op.cit., p.107. 13.) Bayly, op.cit., p.161. 14. ) Bayly, C.A., (1989), Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830, Longman, London, p.238. 15.) Hilton, B., (1988), The Age of Atonement: the influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1783-1865, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p.125. 16.) Bayly, op.cit., p.116. 17.) Gray, R.Q., (1996), The Factory Question and Industrial England, 1830-1860, Cambridge University Press, Canbridge, p.24. 18.) ibid., p.21. Bibliography Bayly, C.A., (1989), Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830, Longman, London. Berg, M., (1994), The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820, Routledge, London. Carruthers, B.G., (1996), City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution, Princeton University Press, NJ. Cohen, K.J., and Cyert, R.M., (1965), Theory of the Firm: Resource Allocation in a Market Economy , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Colley, L., (1992), Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837, Pimlico, London. Gray, R.Q., (1996), The Factory Question and Industrial England, 1830-1860, Cambridge University Press, Canbridge. Hilton, B., (1988), The Age of Atonement: the influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1783-1865, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Jennings, H., (1985), Pandemonium: the Coming of the Machine as Seen by Contemporary Observers, Picador, London. Robertson, H.M., (1933), Aspects of the Rise of Economic Liberalism: A Criticism of Max Weber and His School, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Williams, E., (1964), Capitalism and Slavery, Andre Deutsch, London.

Intraracial Racism Essay -- Sociology Race Sociological Papers

Intraracial Racism Racism. African-Americans and â€Å"Whites†, African-Americans and Hispanics, Asian Americans and â€Å"Whites†, Asian Americans and Hispanics. Think of racism, and thoughts of clashes and conflicts between one of these ethnic groups and another predominate. The idea of racism is seldom associated with two groups of the same ethnicity. However, another type of racism exists, one not necessarily rooted in ethnic differences, but rather on cultural and demographic differences, as well as location and economic status. It is expressed between communities or sectors within a racial group, and works to further partition them. Intraracial racism fragments communities already struggling with interracial racism. Being internal to an ethnic group, this notion is rarely considered by outsiders to the group. In recent years, I have experienced two examples of internal racism within a racial group. The first one deals directly with my identity as a Puerto Rican. Puerto Ricans living in the Island have a general view of those who have migrated and now live in the United States. In most cases, individuals have moved to the US searching for wider economic opportunities, mainly during the first half of the 20th century, when the Island was shifting from a mainly agricultural to a predominantly industrial economy. Emigrants were looked at as inferior, as they represented the lower end of the economic spectrum. Additionally, most of them did not have a high level of education. Similar to many immigrant groups nowadays, they were financially hard-hit and could only obtain the lowest jobs when moving to the United States, which in turn led to the formation of a specific type of community. They were constrained to housing in p... ...skin color. In addition to physical traits, this kind of racism can also be class-based, as in the case of Puerto Ricans. Racism within a racial group is a problem that is not as readily addressed as interracial racism. However, it is a concrete problem that needs to be tackled as much as any other form of racism. Despite this, it remains an issue not thoroughly explored, and consequently not sufficiently dealt with. Maybe it roots in and feeds on racism between racial groups, and one cannot have one without the other. Works Cited: Jones, Trina. â€Å"Colorism.† Duke Law Magazine. Fall 2000. Volume 18, Number 12. < http://www.law.duke.edu/alumni/magazine/fall2000/colorism.html> Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York, New York: Penguin Books, Ltd. 1970. PBS Frontline. â€Å"A Class Divided.† 1985. Intraracial Racism Essay -- Sociology Race Sociological Papers Intraracial Racism Racism. African-Americans and â€Å"Whites†, African-Americans and Hispanics, Asian Americans and â€Å"Whites†, Asian Americans and Hispanics. Think of racism, and thoughts of clashes and conflicts between one of these ethnic groups and another predominate. The idea of racism is seldom associated with two groups of the same ethnicity. However, another type of racism exists, one not necessarily rooted in ethnic differences, but rather on cultural and demographic differences, as well as location and economic status. It is expressed between communities or sectors within a racial group, and works to further partition them. Intraracial racism fragments communities already struggling with interracial racism. Being internal to an ethnic group, this notion is rarely considered by outsiders to the group. In recent years, I have experienced two examples of internal racism within a racial group. The first one deals directly with my identity as a Puerto Rican. Puerto Ricans living in the Island have a general view of those who have migrated and now live in the United States. In most cases, individuals have moved to the US searching for wider economic opportunities, mainly during the first half of the 20th century, when the Island was shifting from a mainly agricultural to a predominantly industrial economy. Emigrants were looked at as inferior, as they represented the lower end of the economic spectrum. Additionally, most of them did not have a high level of education. Similar to many immigrant groups nowadays, they were financially hard-hit and could only obtain the lowest jobs when moving to the United States, which in turn led to the formation of a specific type of community. They were constrained to housing in p... ...skin color. In addition to physical traits, this kind of racism can also be class-based, as in the case of Puerto Ricans. Racism within a racial group is a problem that is not as readily addressed as interracial racism. However, it is a concrete problem that needs to be tackled as much as any other form of racism. Despite this, it remains an issue not thoroughly explored, and consequently not sufficiently dealt with. Maybe it roots in and feeds on racism between racial groups, and one cannot have one without the other. Works Cited: Jones, Trina. â€Å"Colorism.† Duke Law Magazine. Fall 2000. Volume 18, Number 12. < http://www.law.duke.edu/alumni/magazine/fall2000/colorism.html> Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York, New York: Penguin Books, Ltd. 1970. PBS Frontline. â€Å"A Class Divided.† 1985.