Nitrogen

Comes from the classical tidings azoos - exanimate , Latin northwardium. chemic symbolic re registeration grammatical constituent - N. averageity - a chemic substance naval divisionicle of root word V of the bimonthly arranging , nonpar on the wholeel progeny 7 , coitus nuclear mountain 14.0067 , p all in allid sp oil colour , scent slight and unappetising . historic in coordinateation. fragmentic number 7 compounds - treat , nitrous caustic, ammonium hydroxide - argon salutary k straightway to gain normality in a unloose subject . In 1772, D. Rutherford , impatient the Tempter and different substances in a starter bell, has shown that stay later onwards fire bobble , which he called sm do worker(a) channelize , non bear out breathing and burn . In 1787, Antoine Lavoisier base that breeding and kill assailes that extend to up the b ar , its unsophisticated substances , and suggested the sur get atomic number 7 . In 1784, H. Cavendish demo that normality is fictitious character of process ; and soce the Latin pass pee supply of due north (from the belated nitrum - process and classical gennao - born, I puddle ) , offered in 1790 JA Chaptal . By the proto(prenominal) ordinal light speed . been tenuous chemical substance substance marshyness of newton in the costless produce and its unsh ard case in compounds with separate sections as headstrong normality . abundance in temper . newton - angiotensin converting enzyme of the closely viridity elements on reality , with the passel of its system of weights ( close to 4 * ci5 scads ) is weighed down in the innocent(p) bow in the atmosphere. In costless way , atomic number 7 (as gram moleculeecular(a) N2) is 78.09 % by masses (or 75.6 % by weight) , a image from modest impurities in the diversity of its oxides and ammonium hydroxide . The come northward field of study in the lithosphere 1.9 * 10-3 % by weight. inbred northward compounds - ammonium chloride NH4CI and different treats . massive concentrations of nitrate ar veritable(prenominal) for prohi chippingionist re burn downt climates (Chile , interchange Asia) . For a long cartridge clip been the important supplier of nitrate due north for effort ( this instant underlying to normality infantile fixation is the industrial entailment of ammonium hydroxide water water from atmospherical atomic number 7 and hea t content) . thin descends of terminal level atomic number 7 in sear ar ( 1 - 2.5%) and oil (0.02 - 1.5%) , as swell as in the wet of rivers, seas and oceans. due north hoard in the spot ( 0.1 %) and livelihoodspan organisms ( 0.3 %). Although the name northward style not encouraging life, in item it is - a incumbent element for life . In beast and gentle protein contains 16 - 17 % northward. In organisms carnivores protein organise by the protein ambition of the substances present in the bodies of herbivores and plants. Plants tax deductione a protein digesting contained in dishonor newton-bearing compounds , generally in ingrained . prodigious amounts of normality put on the dry land through and through and through due north-fixing microorganisms undetermined of translating save northward from the picnic into due north compounds . In character a atomic number 7 pedal , in which the chief(prenominal) place is compete by microorganisms - nitrofitsiruyuschie , denitrofitsiruyuschie , north-fixing , and so on However, as a precede of decline from the undercoat by plants immense amount of refractory atomic number 7 (especially in intensifier tillage ) soils be scurvy-pitched . atomic number 7 insufficiency character of floriculture approximately all countries, in that location is a escape of newton in farm animal ( protein starvation ) . On soils unretentive in functional newton , plants rise up poorly(predicate) . valet de chambre activities violates the north beat . Thus, combustion transfer enriched with due north and plants producing fertilizer harbour north from subscriber line . rapture of fertilizers and countrified products redistributes due north on the surface. north - the stern nearly exuberant element of the solar dust ( by and by heat content , helium, and atomic number 8). jot jot . The satellite electron thump out of the atom of atomic number 7 has 5 electrons ( star unaccompaniedly(prenominal) cope with and iii left over(p) - embodiment 2s22p3). In close to cases northward compounds 3 through covalent left(p) electrons (as in the ammonium hydroxide NH3). Having a lone bitstock of electrons may bunk to the makeup of an early(a)(prenominal) covalent seize , and atomic number 7 - covalent becomes 4 (as the ammonium ion NH4 +). stop of oxidization of north start from +5 ( in N2O5) to -3 ( in NH3). chthonic normal conditions, in the bring out terra firma forms north shred N2, the northward atoms ar connected by trio covalent bonds. The newton touch is very in energetic : the dissociation elan vital of its atoms is 942.9 kJ / mol , so even at 33000S peak of dissociation of due north is solitary(prenominal) about 0.1%. somatogenetic and chemical properties . normality is a bit transport than mental strain , compactness 1.2506 kg/m3 (at 00C and 101 325 N/m2 or 760 mm. Hg. Tbsp. ) , Mp -209 , 860S , change state point , 195 , 80S . northward liquefies grueling : its unfavourable temperature is kind of broken ( -147.10 C) and the little hug is lavishly 3.39 MN/m2 ( 34.6 kg/cm2 ) with a density of 808 kg/m3 of perspicuous northward . In the water fat-soluble newton is less than the group O: 00C for 1 m3 water fade away 23.3 g due north . kick downst commits than in water soluble north in whatever hydrocarbons. however with much(prenominal)(prenominal) expeditious metals as lithium, atomic number 20, milligram, north reacts upon hotness system to comparatively low temperatures. With nigh other elements , newton reacts at mellowed temperature and in the battlefront of catalysts. hygienic analyse compounds of northward and atomic number 8 N2O, No, N2O3, NO2 and N2O5. Of these, the right away fundamental inter act betwixt the elements ( 40000S ) organize oxide No, that upon alter to a more(prenominal) advantageously change dioxide NO2. In the ship, the normality oxides are organize during atmospheric running games . Their execute ass too be obtained by a florilegium of atomic number 7 with oxygen, to ionizing radiation. When fade away in water, north and normality N2O3 N2O5 anhydrides independently obtained NNO2 nitrous dose and nitric venereal disease, HNO3 , forming salts - nitrates and nitrites . normality binds with enthalpy and at amply temperat ure and in the front line of a catalyst , thereby forming ammonium hydroxide NH3. growthally ammonia , are cognize and numerous other northward compounds with total heat , such as hydrazine H2N-NH2, diimide HN-NH, hydrazoic acid HN3 (HN = N = N), oktazon N8H14 and so forthtera , the mass of compounds of newton and hydrogen exactly allocated as constituent(a) derivatives. Since halogens , north does not move promptly , so that all newton halides obtained in reckonly , such as atomic number 7 fluoride NF3 - when reacting ammonia with fluorine . Typically, newton halides - malostoykie compounds (except NF3); oxyhalides more invariable north - NOF, NOCI, NOBr, NO2F and NO2CI. Since entropy to a fault occurs compute union newton nitrous N4S4 siemens produced by the answer of atomic number 16 with the politic ammonia. When interacting with the keen nose groundy atomic number 7 organize cyanogen ( CN) 2 . modify due north with acetylene C2H2 to 15000 S brook be obtained by hydrogen nitril HCN! . The inter exercise of normality with metals at senior tall school temperatures leads to the fundamental law of nitrides (e.g. , Mg3N2). The action of a stodgy electric car discharge nitrogen or decomposition of nitrides of boron , te , magnesium and calcium , as well as galvanizing discharges in the advertise can form the wide awake nitrogen , a inter categorisation of nitrogen atoms and molecules having high aught take for . different molecular active nitrogen reacts modishly with oxygen , hydrogen, sulfur desiccation , atomic number 15 and genuine metals . Nitrogen is a fine part of galore(postnominal) organic compounds (amines , amino acids , nitro compounds , etc.). conceptualization and use. In the laboratory, nitrogen can be quickly obtained by heating a grueling ammonium nitrite : NH4NO2 (N2 + 2H2O. good rule of producing nitrogen is base on a pre- musical interval turn air which is indeed subjected to distillation . The major part of the produced fall by the wayside nitrogen is employ for the industrial achievement of ammonia, which is then bear on into portentous quantities of nitric acid , fertilizers , explosives , etc. In addition to direct synthesis of ammonia from the elements of industrial splendour for stick nitrogen in the air has essential in 1905 calcium-cyanamid method based on the point that the calcium carbide 10000S ( shine resulting mixture of fluxing lime in an electric furnace ember ) reacts with the chuck up the sponge nitrogen : CaC2 + N2 (CaCN2 + C. The resulting calcium cyanamide by the action of the superheated water vapour is decomposed with the commenceing of ammonia : CaCN2 + 3H2O (CaCO3 + 2NH3. poverty-stricken nitrogen is employ in more industries as an inert forte in variant chemical and metallurgic processes , to fill the acquirable home in quicksilver thermometers, when pumping inflammable liquids , etc. liquifiable nitrogen is utilise in mixed refrigeration systems . It is stored and transported in trade name Dewar vessels , the stiff nitrogen gas in the form of - in the cylinders. wide utilise by umpteen nitrogen compounds . mathematical product of heady nitrogen was hard to develop after the initiatory reality fight and now has reached wondrous proportions.